Energy Conservation in India Essay Example

Vitality Conservation in India Essay India has made quick walks towards monetary confidence in the course of the most recent couple of years. Noteworthy advancement has been made in the fields of industry, farming, correspondence, transport and different segments requiring developing utilization of vitality for formative and financial exercises. In the event that India is to accomplish the focused on development in GDP, it would require comparable contribution of vitality, essentially business vitality as coal, oil, gas and power. Assigned CONSUMERS Schedule to EC Act gives rundown of 15 vitality serious businesses and different foundations to be advised as assigned buyers (DC). DCs to select or assign vitality chiefs. Get vitality reviews led by certify vitality examiners and Implement techno-monetary feasible proposals. Consent to standards of explicit vitality utilization fixed, and Submit report on steps taken This program will at first spotlight on vitality strategy issues of vitality productivity improvement in sorted out areas, for example, vitality concentrated enterprises and business segment through foundation of vitality the board framework, limit working of vitality experts, usage of vitality reviews, foundations of explicit vitality utilization standards and backing to purchasers on giving data on legitimate vitality information c) ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODES Central Government to get ready rules on ECBC To be adjusted by States to suit nearby climatic conditions To be pertinent to new structures having associated heap of 500 kW or more Buildings (Private Sector) was likewise reassuring. Altogether, 32 structures foundation partook (16 each in the two kinds of foundations) and all in all spared Rs. 36 million. We will compose a custom paper test on Energy Conservation in India explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Energy Conservation in India explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Energy Conservation in India explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Outline OF ENERGY SAVINGS ACHIEVED BY INDUSTRIAL UNITS PARTICIPATING IN MINISTRY OF POWER’S ENERGY CONSERVATION AWARD SCHEME (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 2005) Year No. of taking an interest units Savings in Rs. Crores Investment in Rs. Crores Electrical Energy Saving Million kWh Equivalent Avoided Capacity in MW 250 155 103 122 90 100 45 865 Furnace Oil Savings in Lakhs KL Coal Savings in Lakh Metric tons 7. 58 5. 37 12. 65 7. 4. 79 0. 64 2. 15 40. 58 Gas reserve funds in Lakh Cubic Meters 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 Total 7 years 311 297 191 174 157 120 123 989 763 539 594 587 366 205 4,043 1316 1364 1071 691 659 630 940 6,671 1316 814 542 641 485 524 205 4,527 2. 40 2. 49 2. 21 1. 7 2. 21 1. 327 1. 62 13. 957 3122 18585 73181 35588 3929 707 2444 1475,56 6 Encouraging reaction from Indian Industry in the EC Award Scheme (1999-2005) 311 No. of taking an interest mechanical units 350 300 250 200 297 191 157 174 123 150 100 50 0 1999 120 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2 004 2005 Electrical Energy Savings, identical stayed away from limit in MW 250 Equivalent kept away from limit in MW 200 150 100 155 100 122 90 103 45 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005 7 Money reserve funds accomplished by taking an interest units in EC Award Scheme (1999-2005) 989 1000 900 763 Savings in Rs. Crores 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005 587 594 539 366 205 Achievements Achieved in National Campaign on Energy Conservation-2005 Secured the help of 75 mechanical and business units in the crusade 117 Seminars, Workshops and Training Programs on Energy Conservation composed (2700 members) Opportunity gave to 8400 understudies to visit industry and make them mindful about the Energy Conservation practices and techniques received by the Indian Industry; 17560 nos. of Schools and 3. 43 lakhs understudies of fourth fifth standard took part in the School Level Painting Competition on Energy Conservation in 35 States/UTs 44 Industrial units and lodgings pronounced their Energy Policies acquiring the top administration responsibility New Award Scheme for Government Buildings and Commercial Buildings propelled and execut

Importance of Team Management in Maintaining Organisational Behaviour

Question: Portray the Importance of Team Management in Maintaining Organizational Behavior. Answer: Presentation Authoritative conduct decides the legitimized activities and non-verbal communication embraced for cooperating with individuals inside an association. The structure, bunch conversation, and social parts of the related representatives are the significant concentration to keep up a talented authoritative behaviour18. It is expressed that authoritative conduct is considered as an interdisciplinary field, which is related with correspondence, human science, the board, and brain science. It is noticed that the pioneers and the directors are the major dependable individuals who are engaged with group the board procedure. Then again, it is noticed that the proficient group the executives is figured by the individuals with basic inclinations and attitude13. The cohesiveness between the gathering individuals is important so as to accomplish the pre-decided objectives. The productive pioneers are the major mindful individuals to manufacture a proficient group so as to set up the compelling hie rarchical conduct. It is even important to comprehend the significance of group the executives procedure that can be productive for keeping up the hierarchical conduct. The investigation is concentrating on the administration of authoritative conduct in Coca Cola Company. The examination will feature the recognized issues worried about the group the executives framework in the association. The hypothetical examination will be introduced so as to explain the fundamental idea. The calculated examination of the topic will be related to talk about the significance of group the executives so as to keep up the authoritative conduct. Organization Background Coca Cola is the main brand in the food and drink industry. The organization is a lot of famous as the main advertiser, produces, and provider of the non-mixed refreshments to the clients around the world. It is to be noticed that the organization manages the select brands of water, espresso, caffeinated drinks, water, cold beverages, and juice. The organization has been working in excess of 200 countries in the world5. In this manner, it has caught the noteworthy situation in the worldwide refreshment showcase. So as to stay serious, the organization requires keeping up the inside authoritative conduct also. Be that as it may, in this present circumstances, there are a few issues have been found in the interior group the board procedure embraced by the company6. The further segment of the examination will distinguish the issues related with the group the executives procedure. ID of the Issues In this present situation, it is seen that Coca Cola has built up the deficient vital supervisory group, which is implanting the bigger issue inside the organization. There are a few worldwide difficulties are related in this key administration process embraced by the organization. So as to embrace the internationalized administration structure, it is required to maintain the attention on the proper vital management14. At the point when the organization manages the workers from various nations, it gets hard to deal with the broadened individuals. It was inferred that the viable vital administration is the way toward recognizing the hierarchical goals and legitimate allotment of the assets. While managing the workers from various social foundation, it is important to keep up the cohesiveness19. The group holding is the main impetus for the achievements of the authoritative goals. Nonetheless, the serious issue that the administration of Coca Cola has been confronting is the wastefulne ss of the pioneers. The organization manages the worldwide workers who are distinctive to one another. It is noticed that the CEOs are related with the execution of the key functionalities, which can deal with the bigger population12. Nonetheless, it gets hard to comprehend the conduct attributes of the workers who have a place with differing societies. In Coca Cola, the key administration process has happened to the significant issues because of such different situation. The wastefulness of the director to determine clashes is additionally a significant worry behind such bungle process. The administrators face the genuine difficulty when they have to structure the ecological functionalities so as to accomplish the present moment and long haul objectives. On the off chance that the organization requires reinforcing the hierarchical situation in a serious market, the administration needs to focus towards the recognized issue identified with the vital administration. It is important to obtain the best pos sible relational abilities since the workers face inconvenience in speaking with the upper management11. It is noticed that association with the individuals from various culture is testing. It is to be clarified that the more noteworthy productivity of the administrators decides the achievements of the key goals10. Thus, it is important to distinguish the best possible hypothetical investigation, which will give the productive knowledge of the hierarchical conduct. Such writing put together conversation will center with respect to the significance of group the executives for guaranteeing compelling authoritative conduct. Idea of Team Management in Organizational Behavior It is to be implied that the viable group the executives alludes to the various functionalities, which accumulate the colleagues to cooperate for achieving the pre-decided objectives. The colleagues are should have been the greatest need for the chiefs in such cases. It is to be noticed that the productive pioneers are the major capable individuals to manufacture a powerful group. Consequently, the proficient initiative ability is important to construct a group and set the functionalities so as to accomplish the authoritative objectives15. While managing the workers from various social foundation, the pioneers need to focus towards the best possible correspondence skills7. In like manner, they manage a few situational clashes, which may make the negative effect on the authoritative situation. Subsequently, it is important to comprehend the essential idea of viable initiative aptitudes, which will speak to a productive hierarchical conduct. There are a portion of the hypotheses, which are characterizing the gifted qualities of the pioneers for dealing with the groups. Tuckmans cooperation hypothesis depicts the proficient group the board situation, which can carry efficiencies to the hierarchical performance16. The depiction of the hypothesis is introduced further. Cooperation Theory of Tuckman So as to fabricate an effective group, Tuckman has given a hypothetical knowledge to the hierarchical administration. This hypothesis depends on a gathering study, which speaks to a few viewpoints, which investigations the conduct of the various individuals in a group. It was discovered that there are two diverse social attributes, which are normal in each team5. These two characteristics are the relational structure and the exercises of the group. In view of such characteristics, Tuckman discovered four distinct stages, which lead towards the foundation of the productive groups. These stages are portrayed further. Stage 1-Forming stage: The principal period of this hypothetical depiction is the trying direction, which speaks to the level of contentions. The development stage is considered as the underlying stage in which the people are reluctant to function as a group. In this stage, it has been seen that individual look for the individual advantages as opposed to working with other colleagues. In such stage, the people attempt to discover the motivation behind being assembled in a group and work for a particular explanation. The pioneers need to explain the motivation behind firing up another time1. Afterward, the pioneers need to decide the fortified foundation of the group, which can assume control over another group. Stage 2-Storming Stage: In this stage, the colleagues gain the bits of knowledge of being a piece of a group. In any case, it has been seen that the colleagues face a few potential difficulties during this stage. Particularly, when the representatives are in a group, which comprises of the individuals from various social foundation, it turns out to be difficult to adapt to one another. In addition, the colleagues are regularly uninformed of the functionalities that they have to perform9. The pioneers need to keep up the duties to make them mindful of the group functionalities and guide the best possible way. The event of contentions and encounters happens in this stage. Huge numbers of the representatives lose center around the assignment during such stage. Subsequently, it is extensively the most testing stage. Stage 3-Normal Stage: In this stage, the colleagues assemble to build up the procedure by acting in a productive manner. The pioneers make the colleagues mindful of the principles and duties to work as needs be. The colleagues become mindful to help each other in the group and complete the doled out tasks2. Additionally, in this stage, the representatives separate the work and apportion the various pieces of the undertaking to different individuals. The organized procedure performed through collaborations will be acknowledged in this stage. Stage 4-Performing Stage: the last phase of this hypothesis is the performing stage, which decides the exhibition characteristics of the individuals related with the group. In this stage, the colleagues improve their concentrations towards achieving the goals. Truth be told, the colleagues give their productive endeavors to fortify their associations with the other group members4. The viability of the exhibition parameter is fundamental in this stage. The hypothesis is created to cause individuals to comprehend the advancing idea of another group. Truth be told, the hypothesis explains the inside clashes that may emerge in various circumstance However, there is an impediment hidden in Tuckmans hypothesis of group the board. It is seen that the hypothesis is a lot of successive and linear17. Regardless of being a most ideal logical instrument, it gets extreme to structure the hypothesis as a few circles

Black Comics by Black Authors A List

Black Comics by Black Authors A List I was thrilled to learn that Strange Fruit, a new comic by J.G. Jones and Mark Waid about racism in the South, would be released by BOOM! this month. I couldnt wait to see creators of color given a platform to examine the heartache and horror of the song made famous by Billie Holiday. But then I learned that the creators are white, and suddenly I felt a lot more conflicted. As J.A. Micheline points out in an excellent review that everyone should read, this book is problematic on many levels. The black guy is an alien (symbolism!) and cannot or does not speak (more symbolism?). But more importantly, two white guys get to tell the story about race in America. Look, Im a white woman.  And Im a firm believer that humans can tell stories about other humans.  I’m not here to tell you that you shouldn’t read Jones and Waid’s Strange Fruit. You are free to read whatever your comics-loving little heart desires. But I also believe that if you want to understand something outside of your realm of experience, the solution is not to stand up and start telling your version of reality. The solution is to listen to those who have experienced it. If you’re looking for comics about race in the United States that were actually made by African-American creatorsâ€"books with nuance and depth and heart and gutsâ€"here are a few top-notch options. Editors note: Were aware that not all of these listed authors are black, but our goal was to present a list that had some authenticity behind the respective narratives, with at least one black creator. Strange Fruit, Volume I: Uncelebrated Narratives from Black History by Joel Christian Gill Sound familiar? THIS is the Strange Fruit you need to read. From escaped slaves to disappearing magicians, from professional cyclists to chess masters, Gill reveals the historical figures who have been excised from our history books. It’s difficult to choose a favorite narrative, but I was absolutely fascinated by Bass Reeves, a lawman in the Indian territories whose steely sense of justice seems equal only his respect for native cultures. Gill’s Strange Fruit, which was published last year, is informative and beautiful and heartbreaking and inspiring. The language is straightforward and humorous, appropriate for all ages. And on top of all of that, the art pops with rich colors and intricate details. It would be an excellent addition to school (and home!) libraries. March: Book One and Book Two by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell I don’t even know where to begin with March. The first two books of a planned trilogy knocked me off my feet. There is something about seeing a visual representation of the violence and hate directed at civil rights activistsâ€"at hearing, as I read, the slurs directed at other human beingsâ€"that drove home how very necessary and difficult the civil rights movement was. More than simply illustrating what civil rights activists were up against, though, March also demonstrates the incredible resolve of his fellow protestors, almost all of whom were deeply committed to peace and nonviolence. These principles provide a way forward in the march toward equality, both then and nowâ€"half a century later, when equal rights are still not assured. Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story by Alfred Hassler and Benton Resnik The comic that inspired March was originally published in 1957, but it was reissued after being referenced in Lewis’s book. The Montgomery Story covers a lot of ground in only 16 pages: from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s early life to the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott to principles originally advocated by Mahatma Gandhi and adapted for the civil rights movement. It understandably has heavy Christian overtonesâ€"both because of MLK’s beliefs and because the organization that published it was religious. But above all, the book is a treatise on nonviolenceâ€"a guidebook in its time for activists, teachers, and religious leaders to mobilize against racism. Incognegro by Mat Johnson and Warren Pleece Zane Pinchback risks his life every time he “passes” as a white man in order to report on lynchings in the South. But when his own brother is charged with the murder of a white woman, Zane must go undercover one more time to try to find the truth. In the introduction, Johnson writes that the story was inspired by two events. First, the real-life “incognegro” Walter White, the light-skinned president of the NAACP who posed as a white man to investigate lynchings in the early twentieth century. Second, Johnson is the proud father of twin boys: one with brown skin and curly hair, and one with pale skin and more European hair. The art slides between dark and light, dealing in shadows and shades and lines, which reinforces how ambiguous race can be. I will definitely read more of Johnson’s work, starting with Dark Rain: A New Orleans Story. Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine In her mashup of poetry, essay, and images, Rankine refuses to color within the lines. She crosses literary genres while illustrating her prose with screen-caps of athletes and collages of animals with keen faces. She also shows, in heartbreaking scenes, the simultaneously slow-burning and abrupt pain of racismâ€"sometimes a thousand tiny cuts, sometimes an enormous axe. It’s not a graphic novel per se, but it’s an important and unconventional inquiry into what it means to be an American citizen. What else would you add to this reading list?

Cell Phones And Health Risks - 1330 Words

During my recent searches on this particular subject, I across interesting studies regarding cell phones and health risks. Cell phones have changed drastically from 20 years ago to present. When phones first came out they were only in our homes, I recall when I was younger we would go places and wouldn’t have a cell phone to call or text, to let your family know your location, unlike today. In the early 90’s, the bag phone was introduced to the public. These phones were a big deal when they first came out, you would plug them into your cigarette lighter. When you would call someone it took a bit for it to go through but once the call went through you could hear someone on the other line. When you got done with the call you would hang up and once you got home you would zip the phone up and carry it inside. As a kid, this was very interesting. The cordless cell phones were quickly developed. If you had a cordless cell phone you were cool. When the cell phones first came out, your options were limited. At the time talking was the only option available, more options were available; text, check email, and facebook. The more technology rise; the more you can do on your phones, from skype to google and even ask your phone questions and it will answer back. When I did recent research I found that the studies have become more about what the cell phones are doing to people and their health. In this essay you will learn that throughout history, Scientists have done studies to find thatShow MoreRelatedThe Research Methodology of Cell Phone Health Risk Studies Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesCellular telephones have transformed and accelerated communications over the past four decades. The benefits of cell phone technology are clear, most notably in the creation of an increasingly mobile and global business sector. As cell phones became a central part of the daily lives of about 5 billion global users (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet), discussions of the potential health risks have become commonplace. Such epidemiological concerns stem from the potential harmful electromagnetic radiationRead MoreArticle Rebuttal - Does the Use of Cell Phones Cause Brain Cancer?706 Words   |  3 PagesArticle Rebuttal BCOM/275 March 19, 2012 Tania Say Article Rebuttal Does the Use of Cell Phones Cause Brain Cancer? The Opponent’s Argument In this paper valid points will be presented to refute the statement made by Dr. Ronald Herberman, Director of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, to his faculty and staff on July 21, 2008. â€Å"Limit cell phone use because of the potential risk of cancer† (Reyes, 2009). Herberman based his claim on unpublished data and stated â€Å"itRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Society1480 Words   |  6 Pagesthis technology, the cell phone was created and over the years has advanced itself. The cell phone has become a necessity to many. All ages use this mobile device for either personal or business uses. Higgins states that the amount of cell phones active has increased from â€Å"one billion in 2000 to 6 billion.† Although cell phones paly an important role in the lives of many, the negative possibilities could cause destruction to our society. According to Russell Ware, a cell phone is â€Å"any portable telephoneRead MoreThe Debate Of Cell Phones1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Debate of Cell Phones Technology has advanced over the years, causing our lifestyle to change drastically and head down a new path. With these advances in technology, the cell phone appeared and has evolved throughout time. The cell phone has become a necessity to many. All ages use this mobile device for either personal or business use. Higgins states that the amount of cell phones active has increased from â€Å"one billion in 2000 to 6 billion.† Although cell phones play an important roleRead MoreThe Dangers of Cell Phone Use1095 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Schneider Mr. McBride CP English 11 10 January 2011 Cell Phones Negatively Impacting High School Life Two-forty p.m. is probably the most anticipated time of the day for students during the school year. As soon as the final bell rings, students immediately reach into their pockets, backpacks, or purses and pull out their cell phones. One day, while leaving school, I witnessed a student furiously texting as she walked down the hallway, unaware of the door opening towards her. The doorRead MoreCell Phones And Our Health1542 Words   |  7 Pages Cell phones and our Health People live in a world where new technology allows us to communicate more effectively. Wherever people go, they will see others using their phones and texting, emailing, chatting and tweeting to connect with others. According to Pew Research Center have shown that 90 % of American adults and 64 % of teens own cell phones. Whether people have a Smartphone, or a basic phone, eventualities are they check their phone, even when their cell phone does not ring or vibrate.Read MoreMobile Phones and Their Effect on Society Essay example1166 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology called Cell Phones. Everywhere you look there is someone talking, playing a game, paying a bill or browsing the internet with their cell phones. Even children are well acquainted with tools and amenities of the object. Due to so many facilities provided by mobile phones nowadays, the abundant part of users becomes sightless about the history, the effects in the future and diseases it might cause in our health. The purpose of this research paper is to present how the mobile phones have affectedRead MoreDangers of Cell Phones Essay612 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough cell phones appear to be harmless devices, they are proven to be detrimental and unsafe to prolonged users. Cell phone users need to be more aware of the potential consequences of improper usage. Mobile phone radiation and health concerns have elevated, especially after the enormous increase in the use of mobile phones. Furthermore, texting while driving is a risk that many individuals take, and could lead to serious, life-threatening consequences. Nevertheless, there are quite a few solutionsRead MoreCell Phones Cause Cancer?927 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific evidence to support that cell phones cause cancer. Reading more about the connections between cellphones and cancer will help us determine if our hypothesis is correct or inaccurate. In Easton’s book Taking Sides he discusses both sides of the argument to the allegations of cell phones and cancer. Some people support the pro side- They say that there is sufficient scientific evidence to conclude that cell phones cause cancer. Early on in the history of cell phones there were studies to prove thatRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Cell Phones on Health1300 Words   |  6 Pagesof the cell phone proves no exception. Arguably, as a communication tool, the cell phone has no equal in how it has changed and affected our lives. Mostly, the effect has been positive in many ways. But, as it is with anything, overuse and abuse has brought out its dark side and the effect of unintended consequences. One of the unintended consequences of the cell phone is its effect on the health of its users and even the health of those around them. What is the effect of the cell phone on our

“A Proud-Acting Bunch” The Issues of Suburbanization and...

America experienced an explosive period of suburbanization after World War II. The suburban â€Å"home represented a source of meaning and security† (May 24) to those seeking refuge and comfort after a tumultuous time of war. Among those migrating from the cities to the suburbs were middle-class African Americans, who sought a suburban life that both â€Å"express[ed] and reinforce[d] their newly won social position.† (Wiese 101) However, this middle-class migration from urban areas left behind working class African Americans such as the Younger family of Lorraine Hansberry’s 1959 play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.† While the Younger family of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† finally realize the suburban dream of a home with â€Å"three bedrooms†¦ and a nice big basement†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦This particular group found themselves left behind in inner-city housing, as middle class African Americans moved further away for the suburbs. For this growing middle class, â€Å"physical separation from poor and working-class blacks was an important emblem of class status.† (Wiese 116) This reinforcement of class differences implied which â€Å"rights that each group should enjoy.† (Wiese 118) Lorraine Hansberry illustrates these supposed â€Å"rights† and class conflicts through the characters of the middle class George Murchison and the working class Mrs. Johnson. Hansberry uses the character of George Murchison to emphasize the growing gap between middle and working class African Americans during the post-war period of suburbanization. Before George Murchison appears in the play, he is described by Beneatha Younger as â€Å"so shallow† (Hansberry 48). His family is â€Å"honest-to-God-real-live-rich colored people† (Hansberry 49) who are â€Å"more snobbish† (Hansberry 49) than their wealthy white counterparts. Even so, Beneatha admits to liking George, but not enough to â€Å"really be serious† (Hansberry 48) about a possible romantic relationship. Although never explicitly stated in the play, one can surmise that Beneatha

The Concept Of Learning Style Education Essay Free Essays

The construct of larning manner has been studied by many different methods. Learning manners can be defined as the features and preferable manner in which a individual used to garner, place and treat information ( Fleming, 2001 ) . For Kolb ( 1984 ) , larning manner is the procedure in which a individual receives new information and accomplishments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Learning Style Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sternberg ‘s ( 2001 ) definition of tilting manner is different from that of Kolb ‘s and Fleming ‘s, Sternberg defines larning manner as a accustomed form or preferred manner which a individual uses to make something through different activities over a long period of times. The above definitions have a common point which individual have their ain penchant in larning. If people understand more about their acquisition manner, they can happen a better manner to larn and go a more adept scholar ( Sze, 2009 ) . It helps single to larn new things efficaciously and expeditiously because they understand their acquisition experience and cognize the thing which they need ( Sze, 2009 ) . I would wish to utilize VARK and Honey A ; Mumford to happen out my larning penchant. VARK Test VARK is a set of systematic inquiries which ab initio decided in 1987 by Neil Fleming to supply an person with an apprehension of their acquisition penchant about the manner which an person would wish to take-in and give-out information ( VARK, 2012 ) . The acronym VARK stands for Visual ( V ) , Aural ( A ) , Read/write ( R ) and Kinesthetic ( K ) sensory modes which used by an person to larn information ( VARK, 2012 ) . After I finished the VARK trial, I found that I have a multi-model ( VARK ) larning penchant. The mark spread between the four modes of VARK is really little. I scored 10, 9, 8 and 10 in Visual, Aural, Read/Write and Kinesthetic severally. It means my learning penchant is the mixtures of the four manners. The consequence of the study is rather accurate for me that I am traveling to explicate the results of the consequence with my day-to-day life and learning experience. When I studied in the high sheepskin in concern disposal, I enjoyed the lectors to utilize different diagrams, charts and models which used to depict some complex or abstract theories or information. For illustration, the lector used the diagram to demo the constituents of the Gross national income. It made me to understand and have new cognition more rapidly. Although, I would wish to larn cognition through ocular manner, I would non disregard the read/write class. It is besides of import for me to retain information. When I was making the concluding twelvemonth undertaking in the high sheepskin, I preferred to happen out the utile information from the books and cyberspace. After that, I would observe down some of import information which I may utilize in the undertaking. For kinaesthetic class, it is besides the manner to assist me geting new things through experience or pattern. I had a portion clip occupation last twelvemonth which I needed to put in the visible radiation in diff erent exhibitions. At the first clip I joined the squad, I did non cognize how to put the visible radiation. After the supervisor ‘s presentation and my pattern, I could make it by myself rapidly. I besides like to have and give out sentiments in group treatment. It is because I can have different suggestions and thoughts when holding a treatment. It give me I good opportunity to roll up and increase cognition. As a multi-modal penchant scholar, I can be more flexible to alter my larning manner from one to another to run into different larning or working environment. However, multi-model scholars may experience insecure by merely utilizing one penchant to larn, they may necessitate more than one manner or schemes to have new information ( VARK, 2012 ) . Honey A ; Mumford ‘s Learning Styles Questionnaires ( LSQ ) The Honey A ; Mumford ‘s ( 1992 ) LSQ is first developed in 1982 which was based on the David Kolb ‘s Learning Styles Inventory ( LSI ) . Different from the Kolb ‘s LSI which utilizing abstract words, Honey A ; Mumford ‘s LSQ focal point on existent work activities. It makes the users to understand more easy. LSQ aims to LSQ divides larning manners into four types ; Militants, Theorists, Pragmatists and Reflectors. The study of the LSQ said that I have strong penchant on reflectors. It means that I will seek to understand and analysis the things exhaustively before doing a decision. It is rather appropriate to depict my larning penchant. I had many different group treatments with my squad members when I studied in sheepskin and high sheepskin in concern disposal. I seldom gave out my sentiment instantly during the first meeting. I normally listened to other members ‘ positions and suggestions and so thought what they said is suited for the undertaking or assignment. I would roll up the information from the cyberspace and text editions to turn out my points were right. After I considered different deductions, I would give my sentiments. I do non truly hold that I have a moderate penchant on militant in the study. I prefer to make something practically by following structural instructions. I am non easy to affect in new experience without careful analysis. Restriction of VARK and Honey A ; Mumford ‘s LSQ Harmonizing to Hawk and Shah ( 2007 ) , there has non adequate research to back up the cogency and dependability of the VARK. Fleming and Baume ( 2006 ) besides said that cognizing one ‘s larning penchant did non intend the individual could better its acquisition. It merely tells us our larning penchant. Personality The alone form of ideas, feelings and behaviours which an person persists over a clip and across state of affairs can be defined as personality ( Morris A ; Maisto, 2009 ) . After reexamining different definitions of personality, Sadeghi, Kasim, Tam A ; Abdullah ( 2012 ) besides said that â€Å" to sum up, personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of features possessed by every individual that distinctively and unambiguously influences his or her behaviours, motives, and knowledges in assorted state of affairss. † Knowing one ‘s personality helps us to acknowledge ‘real you ‘ which can profit for our farther development of our possible ( Barrett A ; Green, 2011 ) . Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) The MBTI is a systematic questionnaire which was developed by the female parent and girl squad of Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs-Myers which combines the personality trial, calling trial and leading manners test into one ( TeamTechnology, 2012 ) . It benefits us by detecting our thought calling, developing our leading potency, bettering our relationships and intensifying our self-awareness ( TeamTechnology, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to the study of the MBTI trial ( Appendices ) , I have the highest personality types in ESFJ and ISFJ. The chief different between the two highest marking is between extroversion and invagination. It means my hiting spread of these two factors is really little. In my option, both extroversion and invagination are adopted in my day-to-day life which depends on the different state of affairss. As I mention in the Honey A ; Mumford ‘s LSQ, I prefer to believe something exhaustively before making it. It meets the description of the invagination that people concentrate on a few, deep issues and think things through before moving. If I have to analyse specific issue or point. I can pass a batch of clip to happen out the information through different beginnings by myself. I will be really satisfied that I can understand the job with my attempt. Sometimes, I am an extraversive individual. When I was a lookout in primary and secondary school, I would wish to pass on with ne w squad members. It gave a opportunity for me to cognize more about them. The study besides said that I seek to develop harmoniousness in the relationships and promote cooperation. It is rather right that I think a good relationship of a squad is really of import. Every squad member is valued for a squad. I believe that good teamwork can assist to accomplish the end efficaciously and expeditiously. Significant A ; Limitation of MBTI Williamson A ; Watson ( 2007 ) point out making MBTI trial can profit our self-understand and development. It is utile for calling guidance to let people to understand themselves and make up one’s mind appropriate calling program ( Kennedy A ; Kennedy, 2004 ) . On the other manus, many organisations use MBTI to measure their appliers that it is unethical and illegal for them to test out appliers ( Quenk, 2000 ) . It is merely reflect the penchant but non the ability, intelligent and opportunity for successful ( Kennedy A ; Kennedy, 2004 ) . Team Role Meredith Belbin defines squad function as a inclination to act, contribute and interrelate with others in a peculiar manner in a squad ( Belbin Associate, 2012 ) . Belbin Team Roles has been used in many organisations over the word to place the squad function of different people within the organisation ( Belbin Associate, 2012 ) . Belbin Team Roles Belbin Team Roles trial is a diagnostic tool which used to measure single squad function penchant and find the squad roles balance in a squad ( Partington and Harris, 1999 ) . Nine squad functions are identified in the Belbin squad function trial, they are coordinator, maker, works, recourses research worker, squad worker, implementer, computing machine closer, proctor judge and specializer. Belbin Team Roles are used to place people ‘s behavioural strengths and failings so that it helps to construct productive working relationship and common trust and apprehension within a squad ( Belbin Associate, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to my study of Belbin on-line trial, I have the most preference function in the completer closer with the highest mark from 80 – 90. I besides have penchant function in coordinator, proctor judge and completer closer which I score from 70 – 80 in each of them. It is rather accurate to state that I am a completer closer. When I studied in the sheepskin in concern disposal, I would be responsible for uniting different parts of the assignment and happening out the mistakes in most of the group assignment. And so I would do polish for the portion which can be better. I hope to guarantee the quality of the studies which can run into the criterion and demand of the assignments. However, I may be unduly to worry about the quality of the study which I may inquire my squad members to subject their plants to me every bit shortly as possible so that I can hold plenty for look intoing. Some squad members may revolt the haste agenda. As a squad worker and coordinator, I would wish to ask for every squad members to affect in treatment. I am willing to listen different sentiments from the squad members which help to make better thoughts for the assignments. Restriction of Belbin squad function Knowing one ‘s squad function can non understand one ‘s public presentation in the squad ( Jackson, 2002 ) . It means it can non foretell the squad success by placing an person ‘s squad functions. Furthermore, Belbin squad function has non been proven with high dependability and cogency so that the consequence of the trial may be dubious ( Lessem and Baruch, 2000 ) . Self-awareness – overall synthesis After finishing different trials in the above parts, I have more consciousness of my learning manner, personality and squad function penchant. It gives me an overall analysis to understand myself profoundly by placing my strengths and failing. Strengths The VARK shows that I have I multi-learning penchant which means I can larn and retain new cognition in more than one theoretical account. It makes me more flexible to treat different cognition in different state of affairss. Harmonizing to the consequence of my learning manner penchant and personality, it shows that I am a careful individual. I prefer to listen to different people ‘s sentiments and observe their felling and behaviour. And so I will seek to roll up the utile information every bit much as possible to assist me to analysis a job. After analysing the job thoughtfully, it will give my sentiments. In conformity to my personality and squad function penchant, I would wish to advance a harmoniousness working environment. I would present cooperation and teamwork that I will experience at more easiness to bring forth better work in this environment. Failing There has failing in holding a multi-learning penchant. It is similar with the failing of my personality which my clip direction accomplishment is comparative hapless. I like to detect event from many different positions. I will blow a batch of clip to roll up information. As a multi-learning penchant leaner, I frequently need to utilize more than one theoretical account to guarantee the apprehension of the new cognition. Sometimes, it makes me annoyed by analysing the relationship between the thoughts. I normally waste tonss of clip in analysis subdivision without existent execution. It normally makes me to make the work in the last minute. Although, the occupation may be small spot busy, I can complete it on clip. My personality and squad function shows that I concern the relationship between others. It is hard for me to reject one ‘s thought whether I may non hold with the point. I scare that I will lose the relationship or make a struggle in the treatment. I may lose some o pportunities which may do the work better. Career Choice and Life-Long Learning Career Choice Hong Kong is one of the universe ‘s tenth largest trading economic systems ( HKTDC, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to the official research, Hong Kong was managing an increasing sum of offshore trades ( HKTDC, 2012 ) . At the terminal of the 2011, Hong Kong has 120,273 import and export companies which employee 495,847 staffs ( HKTDC, 2012 ) . The import and export industry besides accounts for 19.8 % of GDP in Hong Kong ( HKTDC, 2012 ) . I am rather interested in this industry so that I choose to choose merchant as my calling. Merchandiser is rather active place in the occupations market ( Jiujik, 2008 ) . The measure of merchant is normally deficient in the industry, particularly in the senior merchants who rich with experiences in procurance ( Jiujik, 2008 ) . Procurement includes many facets in different industries, such as banking, hotel and retailing which merchants have to buy different merchandises or services through different channel over the universe. Merchandiser pays an of i mport function to secure the needful merchandises, stuffs and services in a sensible monetary value with good quality. It helps to salvage cost of production or operation and construct up a repute if there is a good merchant in a company ( Jiujik, 2008 ) . In my calling way, I decide to be a merchandiser aid to have related experiences in the first 2 twelvemonth and so to go a existent merchant. The demands and duties are similar in this two places but merchandiser require past experiences. As an entry degree, the demand is non really high. Harmonizing to the occupation adverts ( appendices ) which I have found, it require merchandiser to hold F7 or above instruction making. Applicants should hold good bid of English and Mandarin. They should be independent, hard-working and well-organization so that they can manage their undertaking by themselves. They should besides be willing to larn different things when they enter into this industry. Merchandiser need to follow up sample development and undertaking which aims to keep the quality of merchandises. Based on the research in JobDB ( 2012 ) , being a senior director normally requires minimal 8 twelvemonth experience in buying sector. I will province in the place or merchant to roll up a dequate cognition and experience to catch the place of merchant. Finally, I hope I can go a sourcing director which I can able to take a buying squad. After holding more understanding about me by making different trials in subdivision A, I found that some of my personality and strengths can fit the demands of this calling. I will discourse in the undermentioned portion. Career and myself Strengths I will discourse the consequences of the three self-assessment trials with my calling pick in this portion. My strengths and failings which have found out from the trial will be used to analysis the lucifer and mismatch between myself and calling. I found I have multi-model learning penchant. It gives me an ability to larn things with different manners. It can increase my connotation to larn because I will non merely concentrate on a individual manner to have cognition. The mark is particularly high ocular and kinaesthetic sectors among the four manners. They are rather utile for me to see different artworks and figures in related to procurance and look into the samples of merchandises by following anterior presentation. The study of the LSQ besides said that I have strong penchant on reflectors. I prefer to understand and analyse an event exhaustively and so do a treatment carefully. Bing a merchant, particularly in senior place, single should analysis assorted facets of information which may be positive or negative and so doing a determination. The incorrect determination may act upon the company repute and concern gross so that the feature of reflector can extinguish the hazard of doing incautious determination. For the personality, it is similar to the consequence if LSQ trial which I prefer to believe something exhaustively before making it. It means I am a careful people which I am truly to make impulse action. I will analyse the issues profoundly and so doing determination. The consequence besides said that I besides seek to develop harmoniousness in the relationship and promote cooperation. It is rather of import for merchant to hold a good relationship in workplace. It is because merchant has to work with different direction degrees and sections to understand their demands and make procurement study. Based on the consequence of Belbin squad functions test, I have the highest grade in rival closer. The feature of this function is rather helpful for me to being a merchant. Merchandiser has to manage different paperss and programs related to procurance. As a rival closer normally seek to happen out the mistakes by look intoing the paperss carefully to guarantee it can run into the related demand. It can cut down the chance of doing errors. Failings There are some mismatch between my calling pick and myself. Although I have multi-model acquisition penchant, my aural sector is comparative low comparison with ocular and kinaesthetic sector which my communicating accomplishment is comparative weak. Merchandiser normally needs to hold dialogues with provider straight to discourse the footings of contacts or others. The weak public presentation on aural sector may act upon the dialogue if merchants can non reassign the messages clearly. Bing a reflector, I may besides pass excessively much clip on believing without doing concluding determination. It may act upon the undertaking to follow the planned agenda. It males haste agendas which I have to complete my occupation at the short period of clip. I may non be able to do speedy determination if I can be being a merchant in direction degree. As I have mentioned that personality and squad function trial point out that I promote cooperation and teamwork. I would wish to keep a good relat ionship with each others. There may be a job which I may allow my emotion to impact my determination devising. I may lose some opportunities which I can acquire better consequence because I may concern more about on relationship than that of results. It may non mismatch whit the demand if I need to concentrate on consequences earnestly in dialogue. Movable accomplishment Based on the occupation demand and duty in occupation adverts, I found there are some movable accomplishments which I may necessitate to be required to carry through the occupation responsibility. Movable accomplishment refers to the non-specific accomplishments which can be taken from occupation to occupation by an person ( Watson, 2003 ) . It is of import for single ‘s calling way development. It is found I have some movable accomplishment, such as job resolution accomplishment, teamwork accomplishment and basic concern cognition which may be good to my calling development. Teamwork accomplishment is critical in the workplace which can do employees to accomplish greater occupation satisfaction, improved coaction, occupation ownership, increased pride and higher self-pride ( Parnell, 1996 ) . As a lookout in secondary school, it makes me understand the of import of teamwork. For illustration, the undertakings, such as fliping the collapsible shelters, cleaning the campus or doing the dinner will be assigned to different of teammates so that we can accomplish our end rapidly through teamwork. Problem work outing accomplishment means that single can analyse a state of affairs, find the existent job, happen out any possible state of affairs, measure each of the solution and choose the best solution to work out the job ( Knippen A ; Green, 1997 ) . The concern environment is altering dramatically which people may confront different job every twenty-four hours. Having job work outing accomplishment helps to utilize better method to work out the job. Bing a lookout, I besides need to command the different state of affairs when holding activities. I will confront different question from others which I have to react to them instantly. It has enhanced my job work outing accomplishment at that clip. Basic concern accomplishment is besides required in workplace. Employer has a high involvement in employees with concern accomplishment who can command the budget, make fiscal projection and place possible concern chance ( Watson, 2003 ) . As a concern pupil in sheepskin and high sheepskin of concern direction, I have learned many basic concern cognition and constructs. The enfranchisement of LCCI besides proved that I have the basic cognition to manage fiscal paperss. To develop my calling way, I need to better more utile movable accomplishment to run into the demand for my future calling. It includes clip direction accomplishment, dialogue accomplishment and clip direction accomplishment. Time is valuable in today ‘s concern environment. Employers hope their employees to make the most things with the least clip. Individual with good public presentation on clip direction is critical to accomplish improves quality of life, independency and success in employment ( Green, Hughes A ; Ryan, 2011 ) . If I can heighten my clip direction accomplishment, I can complete my articulation following agenda. Bazerman A ; Neal said the dialogue is a soft accomplishment which is of import to managerial success ( 1992 ) . Peoples normally need to negotiation with others, such as provider, client or director achieve different end. Commercial dialogue accomplishment is the procedure which an understanding is constructed between purchaser and marketer by work outing differences of sentiments within them ( Farrington and Waters, 1994 ) . The commercial dialogue is besides a cardinal component for concern success ( Ashcroft, 2004 ) . It is utile in procurance sector to acquire better contract with provider through dialogue. If I have the opportunity to go a leader in direction degree, I have to better my leading accomplishment. The function and procedure of leading are in acquiring way, making alliance and nurturing committedness in a group of people ( Johnson, 2000 ) . Lifelong acquisition As the publicity of globalisation, people have to considered more facets of direction when making concern ( Danos A ; Richard, 1990 ) . Peoples have to fit more accomplishments to vie in today ‘s altering concern environment ( Robert A ; Donald, 2001 ) . Lifelong acquisition is argued to be a critical characteristic for single to stay competitory in planetary environment ( Nicoll A ; Fejes, 2011 ) . Minshell, Butterworth A ; Henderson states lifelong larning which acquisition is non confined to childhood or the schoolroom, but takes topographic point throughout life and in a scope of state of affairs ( 2009 ) . Lifelong acquisition helps us to heighten our employability so that it is of import for our calling development ( Mckenzie A ; Wurzburg, 1997 ) . Language accomplishment is of import in the workplace which person has to pass on with people from different states. Putonghua and English are rather of import in today ‘s concern environment. My public presentation in talking Putonghua and English is non really good. I will fall in some short-run class of Putonghua and English to better my linguistic communication accomplishment. Harmonizing to the occupation advertisement of merchant in occupation market, they normally require appliers who can talk English and Putonghua. If I can talk these two linguistic communications swimmingly, I can reassign my messages to the people clearly. I decide to increase my cognition in the supply concatenation direction by analyzing the Maestro of Science in operations and supply concatenation direction in City University of Hong Kong. I will roll up sufficient experiences and ability in this industry for several old ages so that I can hold adequate making to use the maestro grade. The class aims to enable pupils to use modern analytical and managerial accomplishments which used to ease job designation and analysis at all degrees of operational pattern and determination devising in supply concatenation direction. This advanced cognition will profit my calling development particularly in direction degree. I besides would wish to fall in the dialogue accomplishments in workplace certification class which held by private institute. It can portion many existent experience and accomplishments to pupil by professor ( Timeway, 2013 ) . Different dialogue accomplishments besides will be shared in the workshop. I will analyze class after when I graduated so that I can negotiation with provider in a better manner. It can besides increase my ability to use the occupations. To maintain the peace with the altering market environment, I will seek to acquire the newest industry information through different channel. For illustration, I can take attending on some profession web sites or HKTDC ‘s official web site to understand the industry cognition. How to cite The Concept Of Learning Style Education Essay, Essay examples

Search for Truth in Edgar Lee Masters Poems Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Pantier Essay Example

Search for Truth in Edgar Lee Masters Poems Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Pantier Essay Search for Truth in â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† Poetry is a very distinctive form of writing in that it can project a message that is full of emotion to the reader, oftentimes, in very few words. Edgar Lee Masters does an excellent job of providing various stories and themes through his poems in Spoon River Anthology. Masters successfully manages to tie together over 200 different characters in his anthology, with many of the poems directly relating to each other. Oftentimes, the poems that are related â€Å"speak† to one another and give the reader different perspectives on the same issue.By doing this, the poetic elements of the related poems act to change and contribute to the themes of each other. â€Å"Benjamin Pantier† and â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† are two poems in the anthology that, when read individually, seem to have separate themes, but when read together speak to each other in an â€Å"argument and response† manner. Through a n explication of the two poems, it can be seen that Benjamin Pantier and Mrs. Benjamin Pantier both feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader’s initial impression of sympathy for both characters to one of questioning for truth.The form of the two poems is free verse in that there is no strict rhyme or meter. This style is very beneficial in getting the themes of the two poems across in a very effective way. Free verse works well in getting these themes across because the poet is not as â€Å"trapped† in a specific form. This develops the themes of the two poems in a much more relatable manner since both poems deal with problems that most people can relate to such as friendship, betrayal, marriage, and loneliness.Adding to this discussion of Masters’ style of writing, Emilio Timoneda states that â€Å"his lines stir up a very human poetry, made up of conciseness, hardness, and classic rhythms; he is clear-sighted, sometimes satirical, alw ays brilliant and direct† (Timoneda 46). This is a very insightful critique, especially in his assertion that Masters’ delivery is very human and direct because this allows the average reader to get into the mind of the characters and genuinely relate to their themes. In Benjamin Pantier† the theme is that companionship is necessary to live a happy life, even if it is with a dog, especially when you have a miserable relationship with your wife and there is no one else to turn to. On the other hand, the theme of â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† is that you cannot always trust people based on what they say and how people perceive them, and it is wrong to judge because sometimes seemingly irrational decisions have a justified explanation. Free verse â€Å"Benjamin Pantier† helps to develop the sincerity of his relationship with his dog, Nig, and shows how he has become indifferent to the world.The free verse acts almost like a letter to the reader trying to express the struggles he faced at the end of his life. This is not to imply that there are not some intentional stresses in the poems. For example, Benjamin Pantier says â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12). There is definitely a stress on this last phrase which is important to his argument because it makes his assertion much more resonant and memorable. â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† is also written in free verse in what appears to be an outright reply to Benjamin’s poem.She is very candidly expressing the problems she has with her husband, problems that she notes many people do not see from the surface. This helps to bring up a connected theme among the two poems which is that marriage is more complicated than it seems on the surface and requires insight into the situation of the husband and wife to understand the true nature of a relationship. While the order of these two poems, in the anthology, may not seem that i mportant, it can be very helpful in discerning how the themes speak to each other, and how they are shaped in the reader’s mind.It is no coincidence that â€Å"Benjamin Pantier† is the first poem because it introduces this character as being someone completely without a human friend and who has given up on life. The line â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12) is very important in showing that Benjamin did not feel that people understood his desperation and that his story is often lost. This leads directly into â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† where she contradicts most everything her husband has asserted in the previous poem and says â€Å"all the men loved him/and most of the women pitied him! (â€Å"M. B. P. † 3-4). Mrs. Pantier is very effectively calling Benjamin’s argument into question by saying that these concerns for him are false and unjustified. Initially, Benjamin’s poem seems very sa d and the reader takes pity with him until reading the next poem. What Masters has done so well is in setting up the second poem while the previous one is still in the reader’s mind. This acts to alter Benjamin’s theme from one of solitude that is uncontrolled to one of solitude that is brought on by himself as a result of not appreciating his wife.The occurrence of a very similar idea found in both poems, but with different implications, prove to cause conflict among their individual themes. In both poems there is a brief mention of alcohol, but the context in which both are used are completely different. Benjamin Pantier says â€Å"†¦I was alone/with Nig for partner, bed-fellow, comrade in drink† (â€Å"B. P. † 4-5), which implies that the only friend he had to drink with was his dog, and, once again, makes the reader feel sorry for him. On the other hand, Mrs. Benjamin Pantier points out that she â€Å"loathe(s) the smell of whiskey and onionsâ⠂¬  (â€Å"M.B. P. † 6), which shows that she saw the alcohol as one of the problems that pulled her and her husband apart. While this may not seem important to the connection of the two poems, it is very significant because it shows that Benjamin’s fall from glory into solitude could be of his own making. On the other hand, the issue of alcohol in Benjamin’s poem could alter Mrs. Pantier’s theme because the argument could be made that Mrs. Pantier drove her husband to alcohol because of her failure to be a good wife and constant companion.So, in a very interesting way this mention of alcohol creates a sense of ambiguity in both poems and gets the reader to question both Mr. and Mrs. Pantier’s argument, while contributing to the reader’s interpretation of both of the themes. In these two poems, Masters uses devices of sound and poetic diction very effectively to set the tone and advance the arguments of the poems. In â€Å"Benjamin Pantier † there is both alliteration and a hyperbole in the line â€Å"then she, who survives me, snared my soul with a snare which bled me to death† (â€Å"B.P. † 7-8). A line very similar to this is found in â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier† as she is justifying her reasons for being a seemingly bad wife. This constant repetition of the hard â€Å"s† sound turns the alliteration into onomatopoeia that sounds almost like a snake hissing when the poem is read aloud. This sets the very somber tone of the poem which is reflected by Benjamin’s solitude and â€Å"loss of soul† which he blames on his wife. In addition to setting this tone, the act that Benjamin uses these negative words in direct reference to his wife strengthens his argument in the eyes of the reader because they now associate this snakelike sound and deathly scene with the wife’s cold attitude towards her husband. An example of how poetic diction helps set tone can be seen in t he word â€Å"dingy† used in both poems to express the room Benjamin was forced to live in by his wife. The word implies a very unclean and nasty environment and is used near the end of both poems to leave the reader with a sense of the unclean nature of their relationship.It is significant that the same adjective is used to describe the room in both poems because it implies for Benjamin how bad his life has become, and for Mrs. Pantier how disgusted she was with him to force him to live in such a place. There is a very unique example of irony found in the two poems, which is brought out when they are directly compared. Both Mr. and Mrs. Pantier make mention of the law in their poems, but in very different ways. Benjamin Pantier mentions at the very beginning of his poem that he is an attorney at law. This shows that Mr.Pantier has a good education and a clear understanding of the law. Mrs. Pantier also directly mentions the law but in reference to their marriage by stating à ¢â‚¬Å"the only man with whom the law and morality/permit you to have the marital relation/is the very man that fills you with disgust† (â€Å"M. B. P. † 13-15). What comes across as ironic in this cross-reference is that Mrs. Pantier names both law and morality as the reasons why she cannot escape the unhappy marriage. Since Mr. Pantier is a lawyer, he can be seen as a man who upholds the law and has to maintain a certain level of moral integrity in his profession.Mrs. Pantier’s assertion against the law and morality could, in fact, be another way of associating blame to her husband for her being trapped in a bad marriage. Masters’ background had a lot to do with the types of poems and themes he dealt with in Spoon River Anthology. Literary critic Stephen Cushman says that Masters was cursed with the need to search all his life for the love his mother failed to give him and doomed not to recognize genuine love, since he had been deprived of it in the most fundamental stages of his existence, and we can concur in his judgment that such a fate would ltimately play itself out in a life involving many women and many wanderings until, his physical energies exhausted, he would end old and alone. (Cushman 162). This description of Masters helps a great deal in giving a deeper meaning as to why he wrote so many poems about unhappy marriages that ended in loneliness. Since he did not experience much love early in his life, these themes of loneliness and blame found in the Pantiers could be a way for him to express how he felt.It is very important to see that there are other sets of poems in Spoon River Anthology that speak to each other about unhappy marriages through differing perspectives. In the poems â€Å"Ollie McGee† and â€Å"Fletcher McGee,† this husband and wife both tell of how one made the other’s life miserable. Ollie claims that Fletcher took her youth and beauty in life, while Fletcher claims that Ollie dra ined the life out of him during her life and continued to haunt him after her death. Another pair of poems that display this theme of an unhappy marriage and leave the reader to question who is telling the truth is â€Å"Roscoe Purkapile† and â€Å"Mrs.Purkapile. † Roscoe wants out of his marriage and attempts to get out if by disappearing for a year, but Mrs. Purkapike refuses to get a divorce. Both sets of poems are very similar to the Pantiers in the sense that nobody in these marriages can escape their unhappiness in life, and all of them ultimately die very upset with their spouses. The unhappy marriage of the Pantiers does not stand alone in the small town of Spoon River in giving the reader different perspectives on unsuccessful marriages. While Spoon River Anthology contains many pairs of poems that â€Å"speak† to each other, â€Å"Benjamin Pantier† and â€Å"Mrs.Benjamin Pantier† are two that significantly change the meaning of each other ’s themes. Standing alone, each poem invokes sympathy in the reader because Benjamin has no human friends and his wife feels trapped in a miserable marriage. Analyzing these two poems together brings out a connected theme among the poems that both Mr. and Mrs. Pantier feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader’s initial impression and force them to either choose one character’s argument or find some middle ground in their quest for the truth.Works Cited Cushman, Stephen. â€Å"Review of Edgar Lee Masters: A Biography. † The Virginia Quarterly Review. 78. 1 (2002): 158-162. Masters, Edgar Lee. â€Å"Benjamin Pantier. † Spoon River Anthology. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. Masters, Edgar Lee. â€Å"Mrs. Benjamin Pantier. † Spoon River Anthology. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. Timoneda, Emilio. â€Å"Meditations on Spoon River Anthology: The Epitaph as Life. † ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews. 10. 3 (1997): 45-47.

The best way to answer the question Why should I hire youÂÂ

The best way to answer the question Why should I hire you   It’s the moment of truth- you’re on the job hunt and have landed an interview and it’s going well. You’re making a great impression on the person you’re meeting with and it really feels as if you have this locked up†¦ and then all of a sudden you’re hit with the big question: â€Å"Why should I hire you?† On its face it may seem like an easy question, but the truth is that it may only seem deceptively so. On top of there being a lot riding on your answer (namely a possible new job), the way in which you choose to answer the question may reveal a great deal to the person who’s in a position to make a hiring decision about you. Obviously, you want to make a good impression, and there’s a million overused and unremarkable ways to handle the question that you should wisely avoid. With all of that said, perhaps it doesn’t seem so simple anymore?Don’t worry- although there are plenty of ways to miss the mark when you’re facing this question, there are some effective strategies for how to handle it that can help turn a good interview into a great one, ensure that you leave a positive lasting impression on the interviewer, and increase your chances of getting hired. The Balance recently published an article highlighting proven strategies for handling the â€Å"Why should I hire you?† question. Consider taking advantage of the following tips when you next face it.Build your pitch.Always remember that you’re selling yourself whenever you’re on an interview, and your answer to the question â€Å"Why should I hire you?† should reflect a deep awareness of the requirements of the position that you’re interviewing for, the needs of the company that you’d like to become a part of, and the personality traits, skills, and experience that you possess that make you an ideal candidate. This means that you should always do your homework before getting to the interview, and you should be ready to confidently connect the dots between you, the employer, and their needs. If you have this down cold, then you’re in a good position to let the interviewer know precisely why they should hire you; if you’re unsure of the answer, keep working to connect those dots before the day of the big interview arrives. It never hurts to take a look at the keywords in the job posting and incorporate some of them into your answer.That said, you should always be ready to tweak your answer as needed to reflect any new information you get during the interview. For example, if you go into the interview thinking that good project management skills is your most valuable asset for the position but learn during the interview that they’re really looking to hire someone who’s a whiz with numbers, you may want to consider a revision if the question arises.Keep it brief.A good answer to the question need not- and really should not- be an e ndless soliloquy that takes the unfortunate audience on a meandering journey through your entire life story. Keep it short, simple, and to the point- think a minute or two, tops. Your one goal is to succinctly encapsulate why you effectively bridge the gap between the position you’re vying for and the needs of the company. Anything longer than that may exhaust the listener and may truly be â€Å"TMI.†Realize it’s not just what you say.Sure, you’re going to be judged based on what you say in response to this question, but just as important for this and all other interview questions is how you respond. This includes your confidence, body language, and ability to sell yourself as a true potential asset who stands out from the job hunting crowd. So, not only prepare what you intend to say in response to this weighty question, also be sure that your delivery is razor-sharp. It’s okay to act like you’ve prepared an answer in advance- hiring manage rs love  preparation and attention to detail!What makes you stand out?It’s always smart to keep in mind that for every good answer you might have for every interview question that arises, there’ll be a pack of other qualified candidates who will also come to their interviews strapped with good answers as well. Therefore, you should come ready to answer the question â€Å"Why should I hire you?† with something that makes you stand out from the crowd. Anything that makes you unique and could be viewed as a potential checkmark in the â€Å"pro† column when hiring personnel are deciding about you is fair game. Perhaps the interviewer mentioned that the company is seeking to expand its business internationally and you speak the language of a country that they may be looking to do business in- that could be a potential game changer. Try to have your own game changer in mind when facing this question. Any detail will do- not only will you seem well-suited for the job, but it will also show that you’ve done your homework in advance and know what the company is all about.â€Å"Why should I hire you?† is a question that has the potential to leave you rambling on and on while not saying much of anything. Don’t waste your opportunity to create a powerful, pointed answer to this common interview question. Your interviewer will be impressed with your ability to summarize all you have to offer in a focused soundbite- you’ll look prepared, confident, and responsible, all traits key to getting the job.

Definition of Compound Sentences and How to Use Them

Definition of Compound Sentences and How to Use Them In a writers toolkit, few things are more versatile than a compound sentence. By definition, these sentences are more complex than a simple sentence because they contain two or more  independent clauses. They are what gives an essay detail and depth, making your writing come alive in the readers mind. Definition In English grammar, a compound sentence can be thought of as two (or more) simple sentences joined by a conjunction or an appropriate mark of punctuation.  It is one of the four basic sentence structures. The others are the  simple sentence, the  complex sentence, and the  compound-complex sentence. Regardless of how you structure a compound sentence, it signals to the reader that you are discussing two equally important ideas. There are three primary ways of doing so. Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction indicates a relationship between the two independent clauses, whether contrasting or complementary. It is by far the most common means of joining clauses to create a compound sentence. Example: Laverne served the main course, and Shirley poured the wine. Spotting a coordinating conjunction is fairly easy because there are only seven to remember: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet. Semicolons A semicolon creates an abrupt transition between the clauses, usually for sharp emphasis or contrast. Example: Laverne served the main course; Shirley poured the wine. Because semicolons create such an abrupt transition, use them sparingly. But you can write a perfectly good essay and not need a single semicolon. Colons In more formal written instances, a colon may be employed to show a direct, hierarchical relationship between clauses.   Example: Laverne served the main course: It was time for Shirley to pour the wine. Using a colon in a compound sentence is rare in everyday English grammar; youre most likely to encounter its use in complex technical writing. Simple vs. Compound Sentences In some occasions you may be unsure of whether the sentence youre reading is simple or compound. An easy way to find out is to try dividing the sentence into two simple sentences. If the result makes sense, then youve got a compound sentence. Simple: I was late for the bus. The driver had already passed my stop. Compound: I was late for the bus, but the driver had already passed my stop. If the result does not make sense, however, you have a different kind of sentence.  These may be simple sentences, with no  subordinate clauses  or they may contain subordinate clauses: Simple: When I left the house, I was running late. Compound: I left the house; I was running late. Another way to determine whether a sentence is simple or compound is to look for  verb phrases  or  predicate  phrases: Simple: Running late, I decided to take the bus. Compound: I was running late but I decided to take the bus. Lastly, bear in mind that while compound sentences are great for varietys sake, you shouldnt rely on them alone in an essay. Complex sentences, which contain multiple dependent clauses, can express detailed processes, while simple sentences can be used for emphasis or brevity.

Biography of emigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography of emigrant - Essay Example The author tells that when he first moved to the US, he merely had the basic level of competency in English. Accordingly, the author had had a lot of difficulties studying in the US in the first two or three years. But now, that more than five years have passed since then, he is fully competent in the use of English in all four areas of reading writing, speaking and listening. The researcher had always aspired to work in US Navy. He applied for it and luckily got hired in the US Navy on 17 May 2011. He had several reasons for joining US Navy. It was not simply what the author aspired to be in. He has always looked forward to the benefits that he would gain by working in US Navy. The first and foremost benefit that this job gives the author is the opportunity to continue his studies since the study expenses are borne by US Navy. By nature, the researcher would call himself optimistic as he hardly has any regrets in life. He does have harsh experiences in life but his fundamental goal always remains to learn something from them. The author reflects upon his experiences of the whole day in the night for full one hour before going to sleep. This tells him what went right, what went wrong, what his mistakes were, and how could he avoid them for good in the future. The author generally remain quiet rather than participating in meaningless and rough discussions, though he makes sure that he has his say when it is required.

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 outlaws remittances and compensations to individuals who provide body parts for transplantation. This legislation was prompted by the need to curb the sale of body parts from living individuals, as well as by the need to prevent the likelihood of people selling rights for the removal of their body parts upon death. Even though remittances to donors are prohibited, organ procurement agencies are however allowed by the act to receive payment for the removal and shipping of organs. The revised Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of 1987, is however categorical that the sale of human organs is illegal within the United States. In section 10, the revised version states that, individuals should not intentionally for valuable reasons, sell or purchase human organs for therapy or transplantation, if the removal of such organ is meant to be carried out after the demise of the decedent. But valuable reasons in this case do not include realistic payment for dis posal, removal, preservation, storage, quality control, shipping and implantation of an organ. Prohibition of human organs trade in the U.S was necessitated by the emergence of kidney markets in the early 1980’s. Such kidneys were being obtained from living individuals in exchange for a fee, with most of those kidneys being acquired from poor members in the society (Browning, 2001). There are various sources of ethics that apply to the sale of body parts. The following section of this paper addresses five of such ethical issues, but in this case, the biomedical products are not addressed. The sale of human organs raises various ethical arguments both in support and against such undertaking. There are two main arguments that are regularly advanced is support of organ sale. First is the rationale that an individual’s organs belong solely to them and therefore everyone is at liberty to do anything with their body organs. Second is the argument that the scarcity of organs is so severe such that extreme measures are required in the acquisition of additional organs – and that if trade in human organs would avail more body parts, then the trade is justified. There are also various arguments that have been put forth against the sale of organs and three of those are concerned with commodification of human anatomy, exploitation of the poor and the unjustifiable pressure endured by potential donors. In regard to commodification, it is often argued that selling one’s organs is synonymous with debasing oneself and equating a human’s worth to that of ordinary commodities. Therefore whereas one has the right to use their body for one’s own benefit, they cannot permanently avail their bodies or part of their anatomy to others (Burd & Kerbeshian, 1998). Another argument raised against the sale of human organs is that it inherently leads to the exploitation of the poor by the rich. Generally, it is the poor who sell their organ to the r ich and not the other way round. Thirdly, individuals who sell parts of their bodies may be put under pressure to perish by those people who at the benefiting end of the subsequent organ harvest. Every so often, concerns have been raised that some doctors are keen to have life support

Analysis of 2010 Old Spice Campaign

Analysis of 2010 Old Spice Campaign Introduction This essay aims to analyse the 2010 Old Spice Campaign which began with the release of the â€Å"Man Your Man Could Smell Like† commercial and finishing with the interactive â€Å"Response† campaign. The first part of the essay will explain about the brand Old Spice and the stiff competition it faced which resulted in Old Spice having to change their brand image. The second part of the essay will explain the 2010 Old Spice campaign in detail by explaining the rationale behind its conception, its launching and its audience reception, which was further bolstered by the launching of the â€Å"Response† campaign. The third part of the essay aims to analyse the campaign’s overall effectiveness in terms of a rhetorical context and an audience, market and social cultural context. Finally, the essay concludes by explaining the impact and overall significance of the campaign. Old Spice Old Spice is a well-known brand of male grooming products that has been around since 1938 and was acquired by Proctor and Gamble (PG) from the Shulton Company in 1990, who soon shifted its target audience from the older generation of 40 to 60 year olds, to focus on the younger generation of 13 to 34 year old men. Old Spice soon grew in prominence after PG released several new products under its brand that grew to become leaders in the market, like its men’s deodorant line (Belch and Belch, 2012). Problem However, by 2003 competition arises from the Unilever Axe brand, who are market leaders in Latin America and Europe. Axe’s advertising campaigns relied on suggestive images of provocative woman and evocative taglines (Belch and Belch, 2012). By 2009, stiff competition have resulted in Old Spice falling behind and big losses in market share. By the time of the 2010 Super Bowl, Unilever would begin a campaign for Dove Men’s body wash during the event, which therefore endeavoured Old Spice to shift focus back to them in order to boost sales and inhibit further losses in market share (Gold Effie Winner, 2011). Market Research Severe competition from Axe prompted Old Spice to revitalize their brand image in order to keep up, and thus approached advertising company, Wieden + Kennedy (W+K) in order to achieve it. Research done by W+K found that Old Spice’s target audience of the 13-to 34-year-old males were perplexed from the many types of body grooming products. The target audience was quite withdrawn to spend time and explore the options thoroughly, deeming them too confusing, too lady-like, or frankly â€Å"unsuitable for them†. Most men also perceive body wash as being a female product which is unnecessary for them to use. Old Spice also lacked a manly image and has the fixed perception of being used by old people, which did not appeal much to their target audience of younger generation males. The results prompted W+K to relocate Old Spice as the easy, masculine choice for serious men amidst the complicated, crowded and confusing, body product category (Belch and Belch, 2012). Campaign In February 2010, Old Spice released the â€Å"Man Your Man Could Smell Like† campaign. Objectives: The main objective for this advertising campaign was to change the perception of Old Spice being the product of the baby boomer generation in order to fit and appeal with Old Spice’s new target audience of younger men, which resulted in the creation of the â€Å"Old Spice Guy† (former NFL sportsman, Isaiah Mustafa). Target Audience: Despite the targeted market of the Old Spice product being men aged 13 to 34 years, the campaign targeted women instead as research revealed that most purchases regarding body cleansing made by men were decided by their female counterparts. Old Spice decided to directly reach out to women by telling them that â€Å"I am the man your man could smell like†, which would prompt them to purchase Old Spice in order for their male counterparts to smell like the Old Spice Guy. The aim was to spark a discussion between women and men about the benefits of having masculine-smelling body wash (Old Spice) for men over â€Å"female-scented† brands (Gold Effie Winner, 2011). Commercial: A 33 second video was filmed featuring Isaiah Mustafa as the â€Å"Old Spice Guy† explaining the benefits of using Old Spice over â€Å"lady-scented† body wash brands. Description of commercial as follows: The Old Spice Guy faces the camera and greets the women, wearing nothing but a bath towel, prompting the viewer (in this case, ladies) to look at their male counterparts and back to him a few times in order to compare their attractiveness. He concludes that unfortunately, their male counterparts do not look like him but an alternative is, that they are able to smell like him when they stop using lady-scented body wash and switch to Old Spice. The set then transitions smoothly to a boat out at sea, in which he holds up an oyster that contains, â€Å"two tickets to that thing you love†, before turning into many diamonds flowing down from his hand, and then exclaiming again that, â€Å"anything is possible when your man smells like Old Spice and not a lady†, while the Old Spice product materializes from the diamonds, before the camera pulling back and revealing that he’s on a horse (Old Spice, 2010). Launch: It was decided that the video would be released on social media platforms, rather than the Super Bowl. W+K thus secured search engine keywords that would direct users to the commercial when searching for Super Bowl commercials in order to generate buzz. The video was soon released on YouTube on February 4th, 2010, before going on television soon after. Old Spice’s website and social media pages was altered in order to adapt to the commercial. The website displayed visuals of youthful males participating in various â€Å"masculine† activities. Their Facebook and Twitter pages also featured images of the â€Å"Old Spice Guy†. Print ads also accompanied the release. Post-launch, the advertisements aimed to fulfil another criteria which is: getting males and females to start conversations about the campaign. The media buy was thus aimed at environments where men and women would be viewing it together. Examples like American Idol, the Winter Olympics, the TV show Lost and most importantly, in cinemas during the weekend of Valentine’s Day. Soon, the campaign became increasingly widespread and popular, achieving millions of views and multiple parodies. The â€Å"Old Spice Guy† also made appearances on talk shows like Oprah and Ellen DeGeneres. The campaigns popularity, resulted in the â€Å"Response† campaign, an event which went on for two days, in which the â€Å"Old Spice Guy† recorded over 186 personal video messages to internet users who posted comments about the commercial on social media platforms, which was then uploaded online (Wieden Kennedy New York, 2010). Reception: *Both Sources from Golden Effie Award, (2011) As shown in the pie chart above, Old Spice managed to achieve its primary objective of the campaign by dominating online conversations about body wash with 76% of the majority share throughout the period of January and March, 2010. By April, â€Å"The Man Your Man Could Smell Like† video garnered more than 10 million views on YouTube, which was more than 10 times the amount of views accumulated for Dove’s Super Bowl commercial (Wieden Kennedy New York, 2010). The â€Å"Response† campaign reached 20 million views on YouTube in just three days, and Old Spice’s social media following increased substantially. After the â€Å"Response† campaign, followers increased about 2700% and 60% for Twitter and Facebook respectively. YouTube subscribers increased from 65,000 to 150, 000, as well as traffic to the Old Spice website increasing up to 300%. As shown in the graph above, sales of Red Zone Body Wash also increased up to 125% from the time of the campaign’s launch to July 2010. Old Spice soon became the number one All-Time Most Viewed branded channel on YouTube. (Wieden Kennedy New York, 2010). Own View Old Spice succeeded in reinvigorating its image by adding a youthful, masculine and alluring appeal to its personality and image. It also established a positive reputation for itself through the commercial’s use of humour by becoming, â€Å"the brand with hilarious commercials†. Audiences will now immediately assume that future Old Spice commercials will be entertaining and thus will pay attention to them. This has allowed Old Spice to break free of the crowd of other commercials and prompts audience to focus on the messages. Although subsequent commercials may not be as interesting or persuasive, audiences are still likely to be watchful for any Old Spice advertisements expecting entertainment. The commercial’s humour was sufficiently good and enough as well. Old Spice Guy’s exaggerated masculinity was the right amount of funny to stimulate the viewer’s sense of humour. The Response campaign was also brilliant in every way as it allowed for higher interactivity and a real intimate engagement and relationship with the target audience as well as providing quality entertainment value. Rhetorical Analysis This section aims to provide a rhetorical analysis of the first â€Å"Man Your Man Could Smell Like† commercial video (Old Spice, 2010). The campaign targets women, hence, Old Spice Guy initially addresses women in order to appeal to their desire of making their male counterparts more attractive, however, he indirectly targets insecure males who themselves want to BE more attractive to women, which is the product’s main target audience. The ethos (narrators’ character and credibility in gaining approval) of the Old Spice Guy is by exhibiting the good traits he possesses; muscular, good-looking and tall which reinforces the credibility of the product and suggests that anyone who uses it would be as desirable as he is. The commercial also displays diamonds materializing out of the Old Spice Guy’s hand in which suggests that the character is wealthy and the sequence with the â€Å"two tickets to that thing you love† coming out of the oyster suggest that he can get anything a women desires. This reinforces the perception that he is the exemplary man. Next, the character uses pathos (seeking to arouse emotion in order to obtain approval) to appeal to the viewer’s insecurity and their perceptions of the perfect man. Old Spice Guy stimulates the viewer’s sense of humour and his dramatic delivered dialogue allows him to seem charming and charismatic. Also the use of imagery, like the Old Spice product materializing from a handful of diamonds, uses pathos to influence the audience into associating Old Spice with opulence. The commercial’s lacks logos (logical reasons to support argument) as the commercial is immensely absurd and improbable. Its main logical argument is that using Old Spice would make you smell better and thus become more attractive and exciting. This can be associated with a logical fallacy called, â€Å"The Slippery Slope† in which is the belief that taking a certain action (in this case, using Old Spice), would result in a chain of events with no logical explanation (attractiveness, luxury, etc.). While it is reasonable to suggest that the product WILL make you smell better, it cannot be proven logically that it would lead to you becoming more interesting or becoming rich and obtaining lavish possessions like diamonds or a boat. This can be related to the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) under the peripheral route to persuasion in which the audience is deemed lacking the ability or motivation to compute information and would not probably undertake any thorough cognitive processing. This is when the viewer depends on the peripheral cues in the message and makes a decision, rather than evaluating the information and making sense of the argument. Positive peripheral cues like the attractiveness of the â€Å"Old Spice Guy† and luxurious materials being associated with the Old Spice product can overshadow the overall logic of the message to the viewer (Belch and Belch, 2012). The commercials overall effectiveness was in being able to relay positive peripheral cues to the viewers as quickly and directly as possible before the viewer could comprehend the overall sense behind it. The exigency (urgent demand or need) of the commercial is created by people’s desire to be attractive (e.g. men would like to be attractive to women) thus, the commercial portrays the perception that Old Spice users automatically becomes so thanks to the positive visuals being portrayed in the commercial. The tone and speed in which the way the Old Spice Guy speaks (which is direct and rather in a hurry) out his argument further reinforces the sense of urgency. The argument’s effectiveness ultimately depends on the viewer’s subconscious overlooking the fallacies of the argument presented within the commercial as well as being stimulated to action by the commercial arousing emotions over confidence and attraction. Audience, Market, Socio-Cultural Context Old Spice’s target audience (13 to 34 year old males) are able to be influenced by the commercial as they are inclined to feel insecure about themselves when it comes to attracting the opposite sex, in which purchasing Old Spice would give them a confidence boost, even though it is clear that the connection between the product and its benefits are non-existent. This would still influence an individual’s decision-making without being cognitively aware. Old Spice’s target market put greater emphasis on the need for fragrances. Their psychographic of the target audience believes that good deodorant and smelling good is essential as it eliminates the need for a cologne, and good and proper grooming is an important aspect to overall attractiveness to the opposite sex. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains that the primary motivation for consumers to buy grooming products is a result of their need for â€Å"esteem†, in which the target audience is driven by concerns regarding developing masculine identities and to be perceived as attractive to the opposite sex, all in which would encourage the consumer to seek products that would allow them to achieve their desired image (Belch and Belch, 2012). Old Spice also managed to establish a strong sense of brand loyalty among its consumers through the â€Å"Response† campaign, by allowing them to get personally invested in the brand through social media interaction. A personal connection with Old Spice allowed its consumers to fulfill Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs of Self-Actualization which is the need for self-fulfilment (Belch and Belch, 2012). Conclusion Old Spice’s managed to achieve its goal of re-branding itself from being considered a â€Å"grandfather† product to appealing to both men and women of the younger generation through the 2010 Old Spice Campaign. The overall significance of the â€Å"Response† campaign innovated advertising by introducing real-time brand building through establishing an interactive an intimate relationship with the target audience that modernized and humanized Old Spice as a brand, an endeavour that would certainly be considered as the most popular and rapid growing interactive campaigns of all time.

Bureaucratic Management

Bureaucratic management refers to a management style in which strict adherence to law and rules is emphasized, hierarchy is followed and flexibility is not tolerated but rather the following of laid down procedures. Such a style is lacking in terms of ‘enterprising’ freedom and rarely do employees produce or perform to their maximum. In this paper, the bureaucratic management style will be discussed with an aim of highlighting the main characteristics of the bureaucratic style.Secondly an effort will be made in order to establish where the bureaucratic management owes its origin from as well as what factors contributed to the development of the management style. After careful assessment of the system, the author hopes to make a balanced assessment on the appropriateness of the system as well as to briefly compare it to other management systems.As well as discussing the post-bureaucratic management, this paper will highlight the main characteristics of post-bureaucratic t radition as well as making a judgment on its suitability to today’s business and to asses whether it has replaced bureaucratic management. However in this paper neither of the management styles is supported but on the contrary the author raises pertinent issues on the characteristics identified as well as merits. According to, Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.62-100. ) how values, power, rules and discretion are interconnected determines the performance of the organization and are core to bureaucratic management. Organizational structure forms in bureaucratic management a very critical role. In bureaucratic management, organizational structure is usually rigid and relations amongst workers are determined by their respective positions in the organization something which makes the style very impersonal.Bureaucracy can be said to promote and advocate for the protection of the individual from organizational discrimination something which is favorable especially due to the fac t that, too much vulnerability of a manager to the superiors in the organization may not augur well for managers. In such an environment, management is not affected by secondary factors such as ethnicity, class, gender, economic status and race as rising to such positions does not call for one to be loyal to any senior authority but rather to follow the proper and laid down organizational rules.The above is very crucial for smooth functioning of organizations and makes bureaucratic management very ideal management style. While bureaucratic management instills order and control in an organization, abuse of bureaucracy by managers is always a possibility in bureaucratic management. Although it is counterproductive, bureaucratic management can thrive where staff is keen on following the laid down procedures. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.99-108) argues that bureaucracy is too restrictive and rule bound although such claims have been echoed by other critics of bureaucratic manage ment who argue that the above arises due to the fact that, it is based on equality before law, ones qualifications for management positions as well as the fact that it is based on liberal norms, such as equal representation and equal opportunities for all those who qualify. In addition, modern bureaucratic management has tended to encourage gender mainstreaming in the offices.While civilization was a major catalyst for the evolution of bureaucratic management, some have questioned the claim arguing that bureaucratic management at its best fails to be responsive to the fast unfolding scenario of civilization. A major characteristic of bureaucratic management is the fact that they are rule-driven. In fact, organizations which use bureaucratic management style are known to follow properly laid down procedures for executing any function and deviation from such is detrimental and could cost the â€Å"offender his/her job†.Therefore, bureaucratic management depends on strict rule i nterpretation in order to determine what should be done and not done as well as to determine the way forward for the organization. Although there is a clear need nowadays for organizations to be market responsive, bureaucratic management rarely achieves that goal something which can explain why such organizations are fast being avoided by an increasing number of business enterprises and a quite a substantial number of public offices and departments. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005. 56-79.) warns that the crave to migrate from bureaucratic management to other market responsive management styles may at the long run not achieve the change desired but rather serve to cause a further craving for further management reforms. He further notes that a good understanding as well as knowledge of bureaucracy is necessary if success is to be achieved in management. It’s easiness to implement stems from the fact that since it is naturally founded and deep rooted in the rule of law, it becomes easy for subjects to relate with it and therefore it naturally attracted traditional managers as the ideal type of management in most situations.On top of that, subordinates are more likely to adhere to rules and procedures under bureaucratic management because of the authority the system accords to supervisors over subordinates as compared to other systems which do not accord much power to superiors (Ackroyd, 2002. 80-123). Bureaucratic management mainly conforms to hierarchical structures which have clear defined roles and responsibilities for every single employee in an organization and hence well defined and curved out duties for every single employee.The system also encourages the adherence to rules and therefore career growth, promotions are easy to sort out as every one is often aware of all that is required by the organization in order to be promoted. Like wise, recruitment follows the traditional jobs filling methods in which superiors appoint or interview subordina tes for staffing. Bureaucratic management can cause limitation of individual’s freedom in some cases but that is necessary especially in military organizations which deal with security matters very sensitive and needing much control.Whilst bureaucratic management is grounded on principles aimed at regulating its application it at the same time causes the management to curtail freedom of worker to conduct individual affairs under the desired privacy. In bureaucratic management rules are designed to meet the wishes of the top management and subordinates are expected to comply with orders of superior authorities without questioning something which has led to many people branding the type of management as dictatorial.The fact that it emphasizes the division of businesses into hierarchical thus putting the organization under strict lines in which authority and control is the goal makes the style to loose supporters in the modern business environment. In addition bureaucratic manag ement favors a system whereby, duties, rules and procedures are generally fixed something which is fast loosing support in post bureaucratic management tradition evident in most organizations today.In bureaucratic management, a lot of emphasis is put on experience and qualifications for one to be employed and it is characterized by the supervision of lower and subordinate officers by the higher office. Bureaucratic management is monocractical while office workers or state servants are expected to follow the laid down rules (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2005. 56-79). Another major characteristic of bureaucratic management is that it is characterized by impersonal relationships amongst the workers in the organizations. It is also characterized by the formal division of labor.In the USA evidence of bureaucratic management is seen in the functioning of the government, the Department of Defense as well as in schools and large corporations. Bureaucratic management is different from othe r forms of management such as scientific management in that the latter is more concerned with the association between employees and machines. Other management theorists such as Henri Fayol advocated for administrative management in which emphasis is laid on management functions as well as the roles of managers in the functioning of organizations through the principles of management.Bureaucratic management therefore entails a system whereby the bureaucratic manager at the helm passes judgment and his/her will is followed without compromise. In bureaucratic system, the will of the boss is the authority and their words final and not subject to any challenge. Bureaucratic management does exist even in democratic environment but it calls for a careful balancing in order to achieve positive growth of organizations in terms of functionality of the different departments as well as to ensure orderliness.While bureaucratic management advocates for mandatory adherence to laid down laws and rul es as well as procedures, whenever failure to do so happens, it is met with punishments according to the laid down punishment laws. Bureaucratic management has been accused as a system which discourages one’s freedom space and also for not doing anything to tap the potential in people. Although such accusations are not necessarily true, bureaucratic management cannot be termed as good or bad but rather should be viewed as sometimes the most ideal when some situations prevail.History of bureaucratic management Bureaucratic management can be traced back to military and religious leadership which preceded the emergency of big businesses and organizations ( ). In the pre industrial era when trade was not well organized and little or no industries existed, the need for management existed. Public order was a necessity and therefore there was a need for governments to guarantee that. One method of management came to be very popular especially due to its ability to ensure the smooth running of activities.That called for establishment of law as most of the management then depended on adherence to strict and well laid out rules. Naturally only a bureaucratic management could augur well for managers who did not enjoy today’s access to management tools nor the advantage of technology un like today’s mangers and therefore bureaucratic management which puts little demands on the managers was viewed as the ideal system of management.In the 18th century, the subject of bureaucracy was studied in depth even by fathers of sociology such as Max Weber who supported its adaptation in management due to its suitability to management of large organizations. He contended that for effective management of large organizations, managers needed to be empowered and protected from environmental threats and the only way to do so was to have a management style which was simple but effective.In the 18th century, bureaucratic management gained much acceptance especially from the religious organizations, governments and military due to attributes such as the fact that it is easy to execute functions under bureaucratic management, and the belief that the system is logical as well as the fact that it advocates for procedures. The above factors were favored in order to achieve the smooth running of organizations. In terms of religion, there were in the ancient times religious clergy who due to the role they played in religious festivals were functioning in strict bureaucratic management.The development and division of society into social classes and the widening gap between state and society therefore creating the need for control, enforcement of law and order, introduction of tax collection, all this called for another group known as ‘officials’ to fill the gap of overseeing activities in both public and private business all contributed to the introduction of bureaucratic management. Post-Bureaucratic Management The twin issues of power and k nowledge management are crucial for a post-bureaucratic management system ( ).The fact that in any given organization there is quite a number of contradicting elements, such as human beings with different needs from the organization, the organizational goals which the same human beings must achieve calls for effective organizational management so as to address needs at all levels. While human beings constitute a very important part of the organization, that they must be managed in order to play their roles effectively is a fact that cannot be wished away.Human beings as a key resource in any organization must be managed in every way possible to achieve organizational goals as well as a positive organizational culture, a positive working environment and the achievement of the objectives of the organization. Characteristics of post bureaucratic management. Post bureaucratic management encourages employee participation. Post bureaucratic tradition advocates for a business environment w hereby employees are empowered to contribute in terms of ideas and skills towards the growth and development of the organization.The bureaucratic management style is considerate of the fact that, people are talented differently and rather than suppressing the potential in individuals, management is supposed to discover and nurture any special skills as well as capabilities in the workers or staff through programs such as training and refresher courses. The above is only possible in an environment whereby management encourages its employees to participate fully in the decision making process.In a modern world in which technology especially information technology and internet has changed drastically how business is carried out as well as how people interact, bureaucratic tendencies are fast becoming outdated. The above is a clear sign of a fast changing business world and this is pointing to the fact that time for post bureaucratic management tradition has come. That fact is further s trengthened in view of the concept of globalization which favors the communication structure in many organizations to shift from vertical to horizontal as time plays a crucial role in determining how profitable a company is likely to be.Team work is also another characteristic of post bureaucratic management. While most bureaucratic management systems are a one man show in that, the manager and the superiors are the brains behind every innovation the organization aims to achieve, post bureaucratic management advocates strongly for team spirit. There are numerous benefits associated with team work the most important of all is the synergetic effect that results when staff in an organization function as a whole rather than individuals.Another pointer to the fact that today’s managers have shifted from bureaucratic management to a post bureaucratic management system is the fact that most organizations have dropped the rigidness earlier associated with the decision making process as evident in bureaucratic management in favor of a more flexible decision making system. Today most organizations take less time to make decisions and resolves issues which under the bureaucratic management system would take weeks to settle.The above can be attributed to the involvement of many people in the decision making process as opposed to leaving the function of decision making and deliberations to a small clique of managers. The above coupled with the popularity of being flexible is gaining ground and many organizations are dropping that culture whereby decision making process was inflexible. Open discussion as well as deliberations of issues. In bureaucratic management, management reserves the right to discuss any issues which arise.However in post bureaucratic management, management encourages the participation of all employees in the system before any changes are incorporated. This has become very popular especially with employees as more and more feel important to the o rganization something which boosts employee motivation to work. Today that trend is evident as the use of market research as well as surveys has become very popular as management of most organizations tend to seek for the input of all employees before any major changes are instituted in the organization.It tries to nurture employees into an intellectual capital. There is a growing trend of organizations to nurture and even shop for talented employees in post bureaucratic management. This is in sharp contrast to bureaucratic management in which to fill some vacancies, one has to undergo some rigorous process in the organization so as to achieve promotions. Evidently, an organization’s culture, its systems, as well as the process of effecting change are very crucial for organizations nowadays.Therefore today’s managers play a very important role in management of organizations. While in bureaucratic management, the use of mediation apparatus, theories of management, busin ess tools, the use of decision support systems and also other tools such as white boards is not very common, in the recent times that have become a key part of management process. That is yet another pointer to the fact that, organizations are drastically shifting to post bureaucratic management tradition and practices.With analytical business tools such as SWOT analysis, balanced scorecard, porters 7 principles and PEST analysis constantly being applied by business that points to yet a drifting away pattern from bureaucratic management to post bureaucratic management. Post bureaucratic management is based in the belief that the production of knowledge is a process which can be learnt and perfected while bureaucratic management proponent believe that it production of knowledge is a social practice in which individual people performance rather than teams is more important.There is clear evidence today that, organizations are laying more importance to team work and communal spirit rat her than individual effort. Post bureaucratic management is the undisputed and ideal management system that can save organizations from the effects of today’s business challenges as well as solve and counter challenges of this global knowledge based economy in which the rate of discoveries, innovativeness and the crave to be ahead of others is forming the centre piece of organizations.The amount of administration related duties in the contemporary society is evidence enough for the continuing relevance of bureaucratic management in the post-modernism era. There is an increased relevance businesses are attaching to division of labour coupled with the growth of multinational companies with extremely enormous sales turnover. Future without Bureaucratic Management Many have experimented with the idea of a future without bureaucratic management in that there will be a minimal need for supervision due to a highly responsible and self disciplined society.Although the above argument leaves more on socialism ideals it is however a feasible possibility. Modern bureaucratic management has been applauded for being impersonal. Comparison between bureaucratic management and post bureaucratic management The advent of mass production catalyzed the introduction of post bureaucratic management due to the high demand put on the organizations in terms of production as well as the need for routines and procedures in production.The advancement of technology has led many to imagine that bureaucracy would be abandoned. However the truth of the matter is that no matter how high technology has contributed to the mechanization of production the need for workers is still very evident. This is due to the fact that still people are needed to operate the technological equipment in the design of the computer systems so central to today’s organizations as well as to oversee the process of production. Therefore, bureaucracy remains very relevant in the post-bureaucratic era.Burea ucratic management is characterized by high costs making it a less ideal management Accusations against bureaucratic management it is rigid in decision making hence slowing down the decision making process. The fact that officials feel threatened by lack of adherence to rules may affect unity of the organization as suspicion is likely to arise. Bureaucratic management has been accused of being insensitive to morals. Bureaucratic leadership does not encourage empowerment of followers.Bureaucracy leads to a lot of dependency on a few people to chart the way forward for an organisation even when it is clear that contribution of subordinates may matter. Bureaucratic management suppresses talent and while it may augur well for governments its effectiveness for private business is questionable. Bureaucratic management is accused of being inflexible and that it is argued that it would affect economic growth were it to be implemented in wholesome therefore compared to entrepreneurship and i n a capitalistic setting bureaucratic management may not be ideal in some cases.While bureaucratic management advocates for high levels of accountability, post-modernism management dwells on employee capability unlike bureaucratic management which emphasizes on employee competence. While bureaucratic management lays emphasis on age in terms of who is allocated the more complex work and is likely to be promoted, post-modernism lays more emphasis on the capability of people to analytically resolve matters inspite of experience or their age.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on the organizational design, that is structure in terms of roles and responsibilities, on top of that, the mode adopted by an organization in as far as decision making process is concerned as well as the style of human resource management is concerned it is very rigid for bureaucratic management. The governance of human resource in post-modern management is accommodative. Post-modernism management puts a lot of emphasis in cultural relevance to organisation management but bureaucratic management comes short of this.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on value such as responsibility, loyalty and accountability as well as adherence to fixed rules ad regulations. Bureaucratic management puts more emphasis on the existence of formal authority to superiors. Bureaucratic demands for obedience of higher authority. In bureaucratic management, emphasis is laid on the monopolization of information by the top hierarchy. Promotion process is clear, thus moving up the corporate ladder is something which follows certain pre-set patterns.The decision making process is often pegged on fixed steps. There is emphasis on equality at work, because of emphasis on vertical communication there are clear set boundaries which are very hard to break in bureaucratic management. Post-bureaucratic Management emphasizes on role of dialogue amongst people as opposed to the authority imposing their word and therefore consensus is achieved through involvement of dialogue. Unlike in bureaucratic management whereby internal trust is not critical, post-modern management thrives on high level of loyalty from subordinates.The migration from bureaucratic management has been occasioned by the introduction of market reforms. In addition, it is not easy to permeate boundaries as vertical communication is highly valued unlike in post bureaucratic management where there is a high degree of information sharing. The decision making process in post-bureaucratic management is highly flexible. Unlike in bureaucratic management in which things remain the same for long periods, in post modern management change is often welcome.Bureaucratic management has been accused of lacking in terms of motivation to employees. Conclusion From the above discussion it is evident that bureaucratic management is totally irrelevant relevant to today’s management. It has for long been used in both public and private managemen t. The major characteristics of bureaucratic management identified above are, that is highly pegged on rules and roles, adherence to strict procedures, and it is hierarchical, that it does not call for loyalty as well as the fact that it is not flexible.On the other hand post bureaucratic management is more flexible, it advocates for loyalty and internal trust, it is permeable and not rigid, it is not hierarchical and finally it encourages open discussions in as far as decision making process is concerned. References Ackroyd, S. (2002. 80-123). The Organization of Business, Oxford. OUP. Clegg, S. R. , M. Kornberger, and T. S. Pitsis (2005. 56-79). Management and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, London: Sage Word Count: 3,697 words. Bureaucratic Management Under industrialisation, bureaucracy was the dominant form of organisation and management. The factory was designed to produce standardised products; the bureaucracy was designed to produce standardised decisions. Many major corporations of today developed in an industrial society, based on a bureaucratic model of machine-like division of function, routine activity, regularity, seeming permanence, and a long vertical hierarchy. For a long time bureaucracy thrived in a world of mass markets, uniform goods and services, and long production lines.During the 1990’s, however, the top-down bureaucratic and authoritarian style of management began yielding to a networking style of management. Horizontal communication in a networked environment is freer and more fluid, with few bureaucratic barriers. In the new style of management, people learn from one another, peer to peer; everyone is a resource for everyone else, and each person gets support and assistance from many different direc tions.Interestingly, the corporations of today are only getting ever bigger, and yet in most of these organisations that demand more than simple mechanical work from the employees, alternatives to bureaucratic form of management are being actively explored and experimented with. Bureaucratic management is one of the three branches of the traditional approach to management. The other two are scientific management and administrative management.All the three emerged around the turn of the 20th century as theorised models. The traditional styles of management aimed at getting the organisation run like a lubricated, smooth-running machine. It may also be noted that while the first systematic theory of bureaucratic management originated from Germany, scientific management or Taylorism emerged from the United States, and the theoretical system of administrative management had its roots in France.These so-called traditional approaches to management as well as the other approaches such as be havioural approach, systems approach, contingency approach, and quality approach — all of them developed based on varying assumptions about the behaviour of people in organisations vis-a-vis the key goals of an organisation, the types of problems faced vis-a-vis the methods to reach to their solutions. All these various approaches to management have contributed in their own ways to development of modern management thought, and continue to influence managers' thinking in the modern corporate context.However, of all these traditional and non-traditional management approaches, the bureaucratic form can be considered the earliest and still the most commonly prevalent. In many ways, it is also the most outdated. Bureaucratic form of management is based on the use a set of rather rigid rules. There is a clear hierarchical order involved, an unambiguous division of labor, and a detailed system of procedures of transaction. Bureaucracy existed for centuries in different forms and in different contexts, but a word for it did not exist until the mid-18th century (Walker 2001).Coined by a French Physiocrat, ‘bureaucracy’ literally meant â€Å"government by desk. † Today, the name of Max Weber (1864 – 1920) is most closely associated with bureaucratic management. Weber did the foundational work on the development of the mechanistic industrial organisation form, the bureaucracy. He was a German social historian whose works began to be widely recognised only from the mid-twentieth century, when they were translated into English. Weber based his studies significantly on his observations of the governmental bureaucracy that existed in Germany during his time.He is today considered as one of the pioneering sociologists, and his study of bureaucracy forms part of a much wider framework of social theory that concerns general social and economic issues facing society. Weber’s concept of bureaucratic management provides a functional model o n how a large-scale organisation should operate efficiently. Weber observed parallels between the mechanisation of industry and the proliferation of machine-like bureaucratic form of organisation. He noted that the bureaucratic form routinises the process of administration exactly as the machine routinises production.This was a logical outgrowth of the thinking of the time; an industrial revolution, with mechanised productive apparatus (one form), would naturally inspire a mechanised organisation (another form) to complement it. In Weber's work we find the first comprehensive description of the bureaucratic form as one that emphasises speed, efficiency, clarity, regularity, reliability and precision. As the Industrial Revolution got underway in the United States this form was ideally suited to the situational constraints of the era (Banner 1995).For a long time now, the very word bureaucracy has had many negative connotations, but as originally envisaged by Weber, it was a strong po sitive force for bringing order and coherency into the running of an organisation, based on the cornerstones of efficiency, stability, consistency and predictability. Weber's model stipulates seven essential characteristics for a well-functioning bureaucracy. These characteristics join together to a form of management style that emphasises regulation and control, even at the cost of being rigid and non-conducive to individual initiative and innovation.These characteristics are: a formal system of rules, impersonality, division of labour, hierarchical structure, an elaborate authority structure, lifelong career commitment, and rationality (Hellriegel et al, 2005). Rules: These are formal guidelines imposing order on the activity of the employees, providing a discipline that can help an organisation to run smoothly and reach its goals. Bureaucracy is rule-based governance. It can be viewed as an institutional method for applying general rules to specific cases, in order to make the ac tions of people working in an organisation fair, equitable and predictable (Wilson 1989) .The rule of rules brings uniformity of procedures and operations, facilitating organisational stability and integrity, making the work of an organisation relatively immune to erraticness of individual behaviour of the employees or the management. Mises (1969) observes the following on the importance of rules and regulations in bureaucratic organisation: Bureaucratic management is management bound to comply with detailed rules and regulations fixed by the authority of a superior body. The task of the bureaucrat is to perform what these rules and regulations order him to do.His discretion to act according to his own best conviction is seriously restricted by them. Impersonality: This means objectivity. Employee performance is evaluated and issues are resolved in as objective manner as possible. Although this term may sound intimidating, Weber viewed the objectiveness ensuing from adherence to rul es and impersonality as essential to guarantee fairness for all employees — eliminating personal bias and favouritism from the system. Division of Labour: The overwhelming importance of this concept of course originated in economics, with Adam Smith and others, in the early nineteenth century.Division of labour promotes efficiency. A high degree of compartmentalisation of work in a precise manner enables a medium to large-scale organisation to use its workforce efficiently. Everyone is circumscribed to perform duties on the basis of his or her own field of expertise. Further, by splitting a large task into much smaller and more easily manageable parts, and assigning each part to an individual, the ease of learning and carrying out that each divided segment of the task is enhanced. At the expense of possible monotony and tedium, the principle of division emphasises efficiency and output.Narrow division of labor also makes it easier to replace the employees, especially in facto ries that involve routine, mechanical tasks. Hierarchy: The traditional pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure positions each employee at a level commensurate with the amount of authority he or she exerts in the job. This authority can be equated to the scope of decision-making power of the employees, and increases at each higher level of the pyramid. People in the higher levels direct the work of people at lower level positions.A well-defined hierarchy can bring clarity in an employee's relationship and responsibility towards his or her work as well as well as towards other employees in the organisation. Hierarchy establishes a chain of command through superior and subordinate levels, helping ensure a smooth flow of work. Hierarchy is also based on a sharp distinction between the management and the workers. Bureaucracy's fundamental tenet has been that the job of the management is to design and coordinate workers' jobs (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993).Hierarchy, like rule-orientation, divis ion and a number of other characteristics of bureaucracy, is a common feature of any social organisation and has been so throughout human history, but all these characteristics are particularly stressed upon in a bureaucratic setting within an organisation. The intensity with which these features are emphasised differentiates an organisation with a high bureaucratic structure from another with a low bureaucratic structure, which together form the two ends of a continuum.Authority Structure: This is merely another way of looking at the hierarchical nature of bureaucracy. Authority structure refers to a clear association of people and their scope of decision-making power at various levels within the organisation. The authority-structure can be based on different criteria. Weber identified three types of authority structures (Hellriegel et al, 2005): a) Traditional authority structure: This is based on custom, gender, seniority, birth order, ancestry, and so on.The succession of kings, and the authority of the king, in various cultures throughout the history of humanity, for example, was primarily based on such criteria. A king inherited and wielded power simply because it was his birthright. b) Charismatic structure: Within any group or organisation, some people can exert a predominant influence by virtue of their charisma or special talents, although technically speaking they are not superior to their co-workers. Charisma can come into play inside a bureaucratic organisation also, although mostly not as a primary determinant of leadership but a complementary one.c) Rational-legal authority: Bureaucratic organisations for the most part tend to rely on this form of authority where leadership is defined in a framework of rules and regulations. A superior's orders are complied with because of his or her position in the formal hierarchical structure of an organisation, and not because of some special abilities or privileges he or she may possess. Though authority ma y be based on a rational basis, bureaucratic management is fairly authoritarian, and many people would resent this.By its very nature, bureaucracy is a structure defined by chains of dominance and submission (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). Lifelong Career Commitment: Traditionally, typical large-scale bureaucratic organisations emphasised stability, order and steady progress. They did not attract potential employees by offering a promise of adventure, excitement and rapid rise as many modern-day software companies are prone to do, for instance. Instead, their allure was job security together with slow and steady salary increases for deserving candidates.The opportunity for promotion is used as the main incentive to ensure that the employees perform satisfactorily. Though the notion of lifelong commitment looks completely outmoded and out of place in most modern business organisations surviving in turbulent ever-changing market conditions, it still prevails in many Japanese or South Korean organisations such as Toyota or Samsung, and can be seen in many governmental bureaucracies in the West, such as the postal service or the civil service. When an employee joins these services, virtually a permanent employee contract is being made.Rationality: It is the orderly and efficient allocation of financial and human resources to achieve the desired ends. In principle, managers operating in a bureaucratic environment are supposed to take decisions logically and scientifically. All the other characteristics of bureaucracy, such as division of labour and hierarchy, are meant to promote the element of rationality within the mechanisms and dynamics of the organisation. Rationality also implies assigning specific goals to each division of the organisation in such a manner that, working together, all these various divisions accomplish the larger goal of the organisation.Rationality, based on goal-directed activity, gives more chance for an organisation to be successful. The bureau cratic form of management is best suitable when routine or repetitive tasks need to be done in an efficient and consistent manner. Adhering to rules and regulation by the employees in performing tasks ensures quality and quantity of output. In fact, phenomenal amounts of work can be accomplished when the bureaucratic structure is effectively deployed and the management is run in a streamlined manner.But these very same aspects of bureaucratic management that can foster efficiency in one setting can lead to ponderousness and inefficiency in another. Though vertical and rigid bureaucratic structure is dismissed as a viable basis for an increasing number of vast thriving multinationals of today which put a special premium on innovation and change or adapting to change, it had indeed been adopted widely in the commercial and industrial sector until the recent decades. Max Weber viewed bureaucracy as a ‘rational' instrument for collective achievement.And even Joseph Schumpeter (188 3-1950) who was a pioneering researcher in the field of entrepreneurship, and who extensively studied the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, defended Weber's position on bureaucracy (Wood 1991). Though Schumpeter believed that bureaucracy can lead to efficient allocation of resources, other major thinkers in this field such as Hayek and Mises rejected such a possibility. Mises (1969) held the position that bureaucratic management is â€Å"management of affairs which cannot be checked by economic calculation.† Therefore, he argued that it is only suitable for public administration and not private enterprises driven by the overriding profit motive. However, even in the conduct of public affairs, down the decades, bureaucratic style of management has become associated with maladministration, corruption, irresponsibility, wastefulness, inefficiency, slackness, tardiness, and red tape across the majority of the countries of the world. Schumpeter lauded many features of bure aucracy, but also recognized its limitations. He also commended Hayek for his presentation of dangers in bureaucratic planning and management (Wood, 1991).. Though bureaucratic management has been much maligned, and for good reasons, the fact is that many successful organisations have been successful over generations very much under tight bureaucratic patterns of organisation and control (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). The bureaucratic management structure emerged in the most distant past of human history, from the time a higher social order emerged among clusters of people, and is still the most widely prevalent form of management, though there is a pronounced tendency to loosen its seemingly rigid grip.Karl Marx traced the origin of bureaucracy to four sources: religion, the formation of the state, commerce and technology (Wikipedia 2006). Bureaucratic structures existed in religious institutions, as those in Egypt and Greece, thousands of years ago. But bureaucracy primarily evolved as the state apparatus evolved with the growing complexity of the civil society. Over a thousand years ago, the Chinese had in place an elaborate centralised bureaucratic structure to manage the affairs of the state.In the medieval times, new administrative structures were needed to meet the growing demands made upon central government in Europe (Argyle 1994). In fact, bureaucracy was the default style of administration and management until the modern times. It was so easy and common for bureaucratic structures to prevail and proliferate because, ultimately, the top-down hierarchical pattern of management was rooted in the human psychology. But human psychology is changing. For example, for centuries, people desired to have a father-figure in the form of a king to rule and protect them.They did not consider it dehumanizing to be subjected to an arbitrary ruler. However, to the enlightened sensibilities of people during the modern epoch which can be said to have gradually emerged from the times of Renaissance and Reformation and fully flowered in the twentieth century, the notion of being ruled by a king who possessed some divine right would seem abhorrent. Similarly, being dominated by the superiors from all quarters may have been quite acceptable to the majority of employees until very recently.But workers of the â€Å"knowledge era† prefer to be individualistic, independent or working in a team of peers as far as possible. Bureaucracy flourished in an age of mechanisation, but today ideas and creativity are in high demand, and corporations find it making more economical sense than ever to nurture a work culture that is anti-bureaucratic. Bureaucracy is past-oriented in many ways, and innovation is thoroughly future-oriented. At its very root, the entrepreneurial process of innovation and change is at odds with the administrative process of ensuring repetitions of the past.Structures and practices that may work well for the perpetuation of the known are not generally conducive to the process of innovation. In their book, The End of Bureaucracy & the Rise of the Intelligent Organization, Pinchot and Pinchot (1993) note that bureaucracy is no more appropriate to the sophisticated work culture of today than serfdom was to the factory work of the early Industrial Revolution. New forms of organisation are emerging, but to sustain them in the long run is a different proposition.The mega corporations of today are intrinsically geared towards efficiency, but increasingly they will now need to also master creativity in order to survive. There is a dilemma here. Firms will not survive in the long run unless they are proficient at exploring new technologies, and they will not survive in the short run unless they are proficient at exploiting existing technologies. Herein lies a great dichotomy at the heart of modern business organisation. A dynamic balance has to be struck between a host of conflicting factors.In their constant quest for manag ing the balance between centralisation and decentralisation, between interdependence and diversity, between integration and flexibility, and between control and creativity, large organisations still manifest a strong tendency to favor efficiency and productivity gains over and above creativity and innovation (Johansen 2003). The rational-bureaucratic model of organisation still remains dominant, although there is a clear paradigm-shift in management practices.In many large organisations, which happen to be inherently bureaucratic, one would find a plethora of ideas and potential ideas that go unnoticed because there are some structural impediments to their realisation, or little or no incentive for employees to bring such ideas forth. For instance, incentive structures in large firms are designed to minimise surprises, yet innovation is inherently full of the unexpected. From a managerial point of view too, the reward system for general managers is typically based upon annual profit s or ROI of corporate resources managed.They are therefore rewarded for achieving short- rather than long-term profit. Moreover, apart from the greater inherent risks involved, the rewards associated with the profits from any longer-term, more radical innovations are unlikely to accrue to the manager originally involved in initiating a novel project, since he or she is likely to have moved on to other responsibilities before they are achieved. As such, innovative efforts often fall through the cracks inherent in most large organisations.In fact, in these organisations there could usually be strong â€Å"disincentives† for innovative activities (Martin 1997). If hierarchy was central to traditional organisation, the lack of hierarchy is central to innovative organisation. As for division of labour, Jaffee (2001) observes that, In the postbureaucratic organization, social and functional integration takes precedence over differentiation and specialization. The postbureaucratic o rganisation is much flatter , with fewer levels of managers.Most work will be horizontal knowledge work performed by multidisciplinary teams. Rather than satisfying their immediate supervisor (vertical relationship), team members concentrate on satisfying he needs of the next person in the process (horizontal relationship). Teams will be given considerable autonomy and will be expected to carry out the intent of the company's mission and vision. Project managers and network managers will replace most of the middle managers and functional staff in the traditional bureaucratic-style organisation.Companies can only succeed by tapping the talent and dedication of their people and by combining that talent and dedication in a team effort. The building of trust is emphasised in innovative enterprises. Politics, infighting, and departmental jealousies that are common features of bureaucracies are to be minimised. Leaders work hard to earn their team mates' trust and vice versa, thus creatin g conditions in which trust can flourish. In such dynamic companies, there is widespread enthusiasm, a spirit of doing whatever it takes to achieve organisational success (Martin 1997).