Football and sociology Essay

American football as we know it originated from rugby played in Britain in the mid-19th century. The person who Americans consider the â€Å"Father of American Football† is Walter Camp. Professional football can be traced back to 1982, when there was a $500 contract for the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club to play a game against each other. Originally football was primarily a sport of the Midwestern industrial towns in the United State. In 1902, the American Professional Football Association was formed and two years later the National Football League. The competition was fierce between the two leagues, which led the two leagues to merge. Football eventually became national. When the two leagues merged is when the Super Bowl was formed. This is the most viewed event in the United States on a yearly basis. Football has grown for many years now and now has 32 teams. According to the Scarborough Research data, the NFL fans mirror the general United States population in many areas including age, race and income. There are a few discrepancies which include that men account for 49% of the general population, however the account for 58% of the NFL fans versus women who account for 51% of the general population but only account for $35-50K, in which they account for 19% of the fan base for the NFL. The report also states that there are more NFL fans that are married than non-married. The age group with the highest attendance whether on television or at the actual games is 35-44 years old. The Scarborough Report has a tremendous amount of statistics regarding NFL fans. The list goes from what they like to eat or drink to how many kids live in the household. I was very amazed by the information that was researched. In the society today, football affects almost every household. The impact of football has grown over the last few decades. The number of channels on the television in which sports can be watched has had a massive effect on the society. There are now channels just for specific sports and these channels only show that particular sport on that channel, all day. Football is a very physical sport. Youth like to see the physical part of the sport and they use the sports players as their role models. They all want to have muscles like the football players and be tough like the football players and of course they want to play football as well. The impact of football has both negative and positive factors. I found an article on the wives of the coaches of football. It was very interesting. In the article it states that in 1989, a group of women who were married to football coaches met at the American Football Coaches Association convention in Nashville, Tennessee (Tucker, 2001) and decided to form a support group. Evidently, they were feeling a little let out of the loop. For many men, football allows for violence and male bonding (Nelson, 1994), however, for women, football often means competing for men’s attention, or worrying about boyfriends, husbands or sons on the field. Within this article it also talks about how the spheres changed because men were known to leave the home and go outside to work and women stayed inside and were domesticated. Football is for men and it classifies them as performers and heroes, however women are classified as watchers and admirers. This article overall is showing the differences in men and women in regards to football. There were a lot of different opinions by different people who had heard about the organization of the American Football Coaches’ Wives Association. How this group puts together recipe books and visits the sick children in the hospital was a great asset to the group but they still don’t get the recognition that the football players get. This was a very tougher paper for me to write due to the fact that even though I like football, I have never looked at it in any other way than occasional entertainment. I am not a die-hard fan who watches the sport every chance that I get.Scarborough Research Examines NFL Fan Demos, QSR (2009, September). Preferences, http://www. sportsbusinessdaily. com/Daily/Issues/2009/09/Issue-12/The-Back-Of-The-Book/Scarborough-Research-Examines-NFL-Fan-Demos-QSR-Preferences. aspx Tucker, Diana, A Gender Drama in American Football Culture: The Case of the Coach’s Wife. , (2001) Football Studies, vol. 4 no. 2 http://www. la84foundation. org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2001/FS0402g. pdf Nelson, M. B. (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football: Sexism and the American culture of sports. New York: Avon.

Water Gas Definition and Uses

Water Gas Definition and Uses Water gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produces synthesis gas. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to reduce carbon dioxide levels and enrich hydrogen content, making water gas. The water-gas shift reaction is: CO H2O → CO2Â   H2 History The water-gas shift reaction was first described in 1780 by Italian physicist Felice Fontana. In 1828, water gas was produced in England by blowing steam across white-hot coke. In 1873, Thaddeus S.C. Lowe patented a process that used the water-gas shift reaction to enrich the gas with hydrogen. In Lowes process, pressurized steam was shot over hot coal, with heat maintained using chimneys. The resulting gas was cooled and scrubbed before use. Lowes process led to the rise of the gas manufacturing industry and the development of similar processes for other gases, such as the Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia. As ammonia became available, the refrigeration industry rose. Lowe held patents for ice machines and devices that ran on hydrogen gas. Production The principle of water gas production is straightforward. Steam is forced over red-hot or white-hot carbon-based fuel, producing the following reaction: H2O C → H2Â   CO (ΔH 131Â  kJ/mol) This reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat), so heat must be added to sustain it. There are two ways this is done. One is to alternate between steam and air to cause combustion of some carbon (an exothermic process): O2Â   C → CO2Â  (ΔH −393.5Â  kJ/mol) The other method is to use oxygen gas rather than air, which yields carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide: O2Â   2 C → 2 CO (ΔH −221Â  kJ/mol) Different Forms of Water Gas There are different types of water gas. The composition of the resulting gas depends on the process used to make it: Water gas shift reaction gas: This is the name given to water gas made using the water-gas shift reaction to obtain pure hydrogen (or at least enriched hydrogen). The carbon monoxide from the initial reaction is reacted with water to remove carbon dioxide, leaving only the hydrogen gas.Semi-water gas: Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas. Producer gas is the name of fuel gas derived from coal or coke, as opposed to natural gas. Semi-water gas is made by collecting the gas produced when steam is alternated with air to burn coke to maintain a high enough temperature to sustain the water gas reaction.Carburetted water gas: Carburetted water gas is produced to enhance the energy value of water gas, which is ordinarily lower than that of coal gas. Water gas is carburetted by passing it through a heated retort which has been sprayed with oil. Uses of Water Gas Water gas used in the synthesis of some industrial processes: To remove carbon dioxide from fuel cells.Reacted with producer gas to make fuel gas.It is used in the Fischer-Tropsch process.It is used to obtain pure hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy in Demark Term Paper

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy in Demark - Term Paper Example Modern researchers who have tried to understand the correlation between Denmark’s innovation policy and industrial structure have come to conclude that a very central part of that country’s innovation policy has depended on the technology perspective of innovation. In this paper, the various roles that technology has played as an innovative tool and policy for Denmark shall be discussed. In doing this, various ways that the industrial structure and system of Denmark can management technology shall also be discussed. This means that the co-evolution of innovation policy and industrial structure in Denmark shall be taken from a technology perspective with technology management as the focus. When discussing the economic growth of nations and the input of their industrial and institutional sectors towards such economic growth, researchers always try to find a middle ground where the various challenges, changes, and improvements in the industrial and institutional sectors are measured with. This is done because industrial and institutional transformation does not happen in a vacuum or in isolation (quote). The middle grounding factor that is often linked up with; or otherwise attributed to the industrial transformation is what is referred to as co-evolution (quote). In the Danish case study of her industrial structure and institutional systems, therefore, the middle grounds that could be pointed to is the innovation policy. Most often than not, the term, co-evolution is used because the changes occur concurrently. In this scenario, therefore, we could be talking about innovation policies that went on just at the time Denmark was experiencing industrial structure transforma tion and institutional system changes. The need to always find a middle ground or a coordinated system is because such systems help in the monitoring process.  

Merchant of Vinice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Merchant of Vinice - Essay Example One of the central characters (Shylock) is a money lending Jew. Many Christians during the time in which this play took place believed that money lending was a sin so it was relatively common for Jews to participate in this activity. At the time of the play’s setting, Venice was an exceedingly wealthy city which was funded largely by trade, which meant that money lending was somewhat of a â€Å"Necessary evil†. For the purpose of this paper, avarice will pertain to the sin of excess and the desire to gain more material wealth. It could be argued that the character of Shylock is guilty of the sin of Avarice by the very nature of his profession. As highlighted earlier, the simple lending of money for the purpose of collecting interest was in itself a form of greed. Antonio leant money at zero interest partially to undermine Shylock’s business but also because gaining from other peoples transactions was viewed as sinful. However, Shylock went beyond earning simple interest and it was made abundantly clear that he revered money and often collected high rates of interest. It is the case that envy pertains to an insatiable desire that applies to more than just material wealth, as well as resenting something that somebody else has. It is upon this foundation that it could be argued that Shylock is guilty of the sin of envy insofar as he celebrated at the sinking of the massive fleet while out at sea. Moreover Shylock was also envious of how the law ended up favoring Antonio. Finally it could be argued that because Shylock was often reviled for being a Jew he was envious of the relative freedom that Christians were able to enjoy. Finally this paper will conclude with a discussion on how Shylock was guilty of the sin of wrath. For the purpose of this report, Wrath will refer to some sort of uncontrolled feelings of rage. Probably the most obvious example would be how Shylock demanded